golang常用庫之gorilla/mux-http路由庫使用詳解
golang常用庫:gorilla/mux-http路由庫使用
golang常用庫:配置檔案解析庫-viper使用
golang常用庫:操作資料庫的orm框架-gorm基本使用
一:golang自帶路由介紹
golang自帶路由庫 http.ServerMux ,實際上是一個 map[string]Handler,是請求的url路徑和該url路徑對於的一個處理函式的對映關係。這個實現比較簡單,有一些缺點:
不支援引數設定,例如/user/:uid 這種泛型型別匹配無法很友好的支援REST模式,無法限制訪問方法(POST,GET等)也不支援正則
二:gorilla/mux路由
github地址:https://github.com/gorilla/mux
https://github.com/gorilla/mux#examples
上面所指出來的glang自帶路由的缺點,gorilla/mux 都具備,而且還相容 http.ServerMux。除了支援路徑正則,命名路由,還支援中介軟體等等功能。所以mux是一個短小精悍,功能很全的路由。
1. 普通路由
示例 demo1.go
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" "net/http" ) func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() //普通路由 r.HandleFunc("/",IndexHandler) r.HandleFunc("/products",ProductsHandler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } func IndexHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) fmt.Fprintf(w,"hello world") } func ProductsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,"hello,Products") }
上面mux的普通路由是不是似曾相識,跟golang標準庫用法一樣
在瀏覽器訪問:http://localhost:8080/products
輸出:hello,Products
2. 引數路由
引數路由,可以是普通路由,還可以是正則匹配
示例 demo2.go:
package main import ( "net/http" "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) //路由引數 func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() //1. 普通路由引數 // r.HandleFunc("/articles/{title}",TitleHandler) //2. 正則路由引數,下面例子中限制為英文字母 r.HandleFunc("/articles/{title:[a-z]+}",TitleHandler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } //https://github.com/gorilla/mux#examples func TitleHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { vars := mux.Vars(r) // 獲取引數 w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) fmt.Fprintf(w,"title: %v\n",vars["title"]) }
第1個普通路由引數,就是啥引數都可以,不管是字母,數字,還是中文等
第2個正則路由引數,限制了只能是英文字母,否則會報 404 page not found
3. 路由匹配Matching Routes
https://github.com/gorilla/mux#matching-routes
我們也可以限制路由或者子路由。
3.1 匹配host
r := mux.NewRouter() //只匹配 www.example.com r.Host("www.example.com") // 動態匹配子路由 r.Host("{subdomain:[a-z]+}.example.com")
3.2 更多的一些其他匹配
見下面的更多匹配的例子:
r := mux.NewRouter() r.PathPrefix("/products/") //字首匹配 r.Methods("GET","POST") //請求方法匹配 r.Schemes("https") //schemes r.Headers("X-Requested-With","XMLHttpRequest") //header 匹配 r.Queries("key","value") //query的值匹配 // 使用者自定義方法 匹配 r.MatcherFunc(func(r *http.Request,rm *RouteMatch) bool { return r.ProtoMajor == 0 })
把上面的聯合起來在一個單獨的route裡
r.HandleFunc("/products",ProductsHandler). Host("www.example.com"). Methods("GET"). Schemes("http")
3.3 子路由匹配
Subrouter()可以設定子路由
r := mux.NewRouter() s := r.Host("www.example.com").Subrouter() s.HandleFunc("/products/",ProductsHandler) s.HandleFunc("/products/{key}",ProductHandler) s.HandleFunc("/articles/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}",ArticleHandler)
3.4 多個路由匹配的順序
如果有多個路由新增到路由器裡面,那麼匹配順序是怎麼樣?按照新增的先後順序匹配。比如有2個路由都匹配了,那麼優先匹配第一個路由。
r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/specific",specificHandler) r.PathPrefix("/").Handler(catchAllHandler)
4. 設定路由字首
PathPrefix()設定路由字首
r := mux.NewRouter() //PathPrefix() 可以設定路由字首 product := r.PathPrefix("/products").HandleFunc("/",ProductsHandler)
路由字首一般情況下不會單獨使用,而是和子路由結合起來用,實現路由分組
5. 分組路由
可以根據前面的子路由和路由字首的功能,綜合運用就可以設定分組路由了
例項:grouprouter.go
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" "net/http" ) //子路由,分組路由 func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() //PathPrefix() 可以設定路由字首,設定路由字首為products products := r.PathPrefix("/products").Subrouter() //"http://localhost:8080/products/",最後面的斜線一定要,不然路由不正確,頁面出現404 products.HandleFunc("/",ProductsHandler) //"http://localhost:8080/products/{key}" products.HandleFunc("/{key}",ProductHandler) users := r.PathPrefix("/users").Subrouter() // "/users" users.HandleFunc("/",UsersHandler) // "/users/id/引數/name/引數" users.HandleFunc("/id/{id}/name/{name}",UserHandler) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } func ProductsHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,"%s","products") } func ProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { vars := mux.Vars(r) //獲取路由的值 fmt.Fprintf(w,"key: %s",vars["key"]) } func UsersHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintf(w," %s \r\n","users handler") } func UserHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { vars := mux.Vars(r) //獲取值 id := vars["id"] name := vars["name"] fmt.Fprintf(w,"id: %s,name: %s \r\n",id,name) }
6. 路由中介軟體
https://github.com/gorilla/mux#middleware
Mux middlewares are defined using the de facto standard type: 在mux中路由中介軟體的定義
type MiddlewareFunc func(http.Handler) http.Handler
示例1:middleware1.go
package main import ( "fmt" "net/http" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/",handler) r.Use(loggingMiddleware) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { //Do stuff here fmt.Println(r.RequestURI) fmt.Fprintf(w,"%s\r\n",r.URL) // Call the next handler,which can be another middleware in the chain,or the final handler. next.ServeHTTP(w,r) }) } func handler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { w.Write([]byte("handle middleware")) fmt.Println("print handler") }
示例2:middleware2.go
在來看一個複雜點的例子:
package main import ( "fmt" "net/http" "strings" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) type authMiddleware struct { tokenUsers map[string]string } func (amw *authMiddleware) Populate() { amw.tokenUsers = make(map[string]string) amw.tokenUsers["000"] = "user0" amw.tokenUsers["aaa"] = "userA" amw.tokenUsers["05ft"] = "randomUser" amw.tokenUsers["deadbeef"] = "user0" } func (amw *authMiddleware) Middleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler { return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { token := strings.Trim(r.Header.Get("X-Session-Token")," ") if token == "" { fmt.Fprintf(w,"token is error \r\n") } if user,found := amw.tokenUsers[token]; found { //we found the token in out map fmt.Printf("Authenticated user: %s\n",user) fmt.Fprintf(w,"Authenticated user: %s\n",user) // Pass down the request to the next middleware (or final handler) next.ServeHTTP(w,r) } else { // Write an error and stop the handler chain http.Error(w,"Forbidden",http.StatusForbidden) } }) } func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/",handler) amw := authMiddleware{} amw.Populate() r.Use(amw.Middleware) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } func handler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { w.Write([]byte("handler")) }
用 insomnia 軟體測試,如下圖:
X-Session-Token=aaa 返回時正確
那-Session-Token=aaaa 呢
返回 403 了
7. Walking Routes 遍歷註冊的所有路由
package main import ( "fmt" "net/http" "strings" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) func handler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { return } //https://github.com/gorilla/mux#walking-routes func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/",handler) r.HandleFunc("/products",handler).Methods("POST") r.HandleFunc("/articles",handler).Methods("GET") r.HandleFunc("/articles/{id}",handler).Methods("GET","PUT") r.HandleFunc("/authors",handler).Queries("surname","{surname}") err := r.Walk(func(route *mux.Route,router *mux.Router,ancestors []*mux.Route) error { pathTemplate,err := route.GetPathTemplate() if err == nil { fmt.Println("ROUTE:",pathTemplate) } pathRegexp,err := route.GetPathRegexp() if err == nil { fmt.Println("Path regexp:",pathRegexp) } queriesTemplates,err := route.GetQueriesTemplates() if err == nil { fmt.Println("Queries templates:",strings.Join(queriesTemplates,",")) } queriesRegexps,err := route.GetQueriesRegexp() if err == nil { fmt.Println("Queries regexps:",strings.Join(queriesRegexps,")) } methods,err := route.GetMethods() if err == nil { fmt.Println("Methods:",strings.Join(methods,")) } fmt.Println() return nil }) if err != nil { fmt.Println(err) } http.Handle("/",r) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",nil) }
8. 其他示例
請求方法限制
demo3.go:
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" "net/http" ) // 請求方法的限制,Methods() func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/products",ProductsHandler).Methods("GET","POST") r.Handle("/products/{id}",&ProductsIdHandler{}).Methods("GET") http.ListenAndServe(":8080",products! ") } type ProductsIdHandler struct{} func (handler *ProductsIdHandler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { vars := mux.Vars(r) w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) fmt.Fprintf(w,"products id: %s",vars["id"]) }
請求頭限制
在路由定義中可以通過Headers() 方法來限制設定請求頭的匹配。
demo4.go
package main import ( "fmt" "net/http" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) // 請求頭的限制,用Headers() 來限制 func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/products",func(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { header := "Request-Limit-Test" fmt.Fprintf(w,"contain headers: %s = %s \n",header,r.Header[header]) }).Headers("Request-Limit-Test","RequestLimitTest").Methods("POST") http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) }
自定義匹配規
用 MatcherFunc() 來自定義規則
示例 demo5.go:**
package main import ( "fmt" "net/http" "github.com/gorilla/mux" ) //自定義匹配 MatcherFunc() func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/products/matcher",r *http.Request) { fmt.Fprintf(w,"FormValue: %s ",r.FormValue("func")) }).MatcherFunc(func(req *http.Request,match *mux.RouteMatch) bool { b := false if req.FormValue("func") == "matcherfunc" { b = true } return b }) http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) }
在瀏覽器中:http://127.0.0.1:8080/products/matcher?func=matcherfunc
輸出:FormValue: matcherfunc
命名路由Registered URLs
namerouter.go
package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/gorilla/mux" // "log" "net/http" ) // 命名路由 Name(),獲取路由URL, URL() func main() { r := mux.NewRouter() r.HandleFunc("/products/{category}/{id:[0-9]+}",ProductHandler).Name("product") //獲取路由的URL url1,err := r.Get("product").URL() fmt.Println(err) //error: mux: number of parameters must be multiple of 2,got [/] if err == nil { fmt.Println("get URL: \r\n",url1) } //獲取路由的url後,也可以拼裝你需要的URL url2,err := r.Get("product").URL("category","tech","id","13") if err == nil { fmt.Println("new url: ",url2) //new url: /products/tech/13 } http.ListenAndServe(":8080",r) } func ProductHandler(w http.ResponseWriter,r *http.Request) { w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK) vars := mux.Vars(r) fmt.Fprintf(w,"url: %s,category: %s,id: %s",r.URL,vars["category"],vars["id"]) //瀏覽器: http://localhost:8080/products/id/23 //output //url: /products/id/23,category: id,id: 23 }
根據命名的路由來獲取路由URLr.Get("product").URL()
三:參考
https://github.com/gorilla/mux
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