正則表示式(regular expression)描述了一種字串匹配的模式（pattern），可以用來檢查一個串是否含有某種子串、將匹配的子串替換或者從某個串中取出符合某個條件的子串等。

Python 自1.5版本起增加了re 模組，它提供 Perl 風格的正則表示式模式。

re 模組使 Python 語言擁有全部的正則表示式功能。

compile 函式根據一個模式字串和可選的標誌引數生成一個正則表示式物件。該物件擁有一系列方法用於正則表示式匹配和替換。

本文重點給大家介紹python 正則表示式語法。

The special characters are:
"." Matches any character except a newline.

"^" Matches the start of the string.
"$" Matches the end of the string or just before the newline at
the end of the string.
"*" Matches 0 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.
Greedy means that it will match as many repetitions as possible.
"+" Matches 1 or more (greedy) repetitions of the preceding RE.

"?" Matches 0 or 1 (greedy) of the preceding RE.
*?,+?,?? Non-greedy versions of the previous three special characters.
{m,n} Matches from m to n repetitions of the preceding RE.
{m,n}? Non-greedy version of the above.
"\\" Either escapes special characters or signals a special sequence.

[] Indicates a set of characters.
A "^" as the first character indicates a complementing set.
"|" A|B,creates an RE that will match either A or B.
(...) Matches the RE inside the parentheses.
The contents can be retrieved or matched later in the string.
(?aiLmsux) Set the A,I,L,M,S,U,or X flag for the RE (see below).
(?:...) Non-grouping version of regular parentheses.
(?P<name>...) The substring matched by the group is accessible by name.
(?P=name) Matches the text matched earlier by the group named name.
(?#...) A comment; ignored.
(?=...) Matches if ... matches next,but doesn't consume the string.
(?!...) Matches if ... doesn't match next.
(?<=...) Matches if preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
(?<!...) Matches if not preceded by ... (must be fixed length).
(?(id/name)yes|no) Matches yes pattern if the group with id/name matched,
the (optional) no pattern otherwise.

The special sequences consist of "\\" and a character from the list
below. If the ordinary character is not on the list,then the
resulting RE will match the second character.
\number Matches the contents of the group of the same number.
\A Matches only at the start of the string.
\Z Matches only at the end of the string.
\b Matches the empty string,but only at the start or end of a word.
\B Matches the empty string,but not at the start or end of a word.
\d Matches any decimal digit; equivalent to the set [0-9] in
bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
In string patterns without the ASCII flag,it will match the whole
range of Unicode digits.
\D Matches any non-digit character; equivalent to [^\d].
\s Matches any whitespace character; equivalent to [ \t\n\r\f\v] in
bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
In string patterns without the ASCII flag,it will match the whole
range of Unicode whitespace characters.
\S Matches any non-whitespace character; equivalent to [^\s].
\w Matches any alphanumeric character; equivalent to [a-zA-Z0-9_]
in bytes patterns or string patterns with the ASCII flag.
In string patterns without the ASCII flag,it will match the
range of Unicode alphanumeric characters (letters plus digits
plus underscore).
With LOCALE,it will match the set [0-9_] plus characters defined
as letters for the current locale.
\W Matches the complement of \w.
\\ Matches a literal backslash.

This module exports the following functions:
match Match a regular expression pattern to the beginning of a string.
fullmatch Match a regular expression pattern to all of a string.
search Search a string for the presence of a pattern.
sub Substitute occurrences of a pattern found in a string.
subn Same as sub,but also return the number of substitutions made.
split Split a string by the occurrences of a pattern.
findall Find all occurrences of a pattern in a string.
finditer Return an iterator yielding a match object for each match.
compile Compile a pattern into a RegexObject.
purge Clear the regular expression cache.
escape Backslash all non-alphanumerics in a string.

Some of the functions in this module takes flags as optional parameters:
A ASCII For string patterns,make \w,\W,\b,\B,\d,\D
match the corresponding ASCII character categories
(rather than the whole Unicode categories,which is the
default).
For bytes patterns,this flag is the only available
behaviour and needn't be specified.
I IGNORECASE Perform case-insensitive matching.
L LOCALE Make \w,dependent on the current locale.
M MULTILINE "^" matches the beginning of lines (after a newline)
as well as the string.
"$" matches the end of lines (before a newline) as well
as the end of the string.
S DOTALL "." matches any character at all,including the newline.
X VERBOSE Ignore whitespace and comments for nicer looking RE's.
U UNICODE For compatibility only. Ignored for string patterns (it
is the default),and forbidden for bytes patterns.

下面看下正則表示式匹配的流程：

正則表示式的大致匹配過程是：依次拿出表示式和文字中的字元比較，如果每一個字元都能匹配，則匹配成功；一旦有匹配不成功的字元則匹配失敗。如果表示式中有量詞或邊界，這個過程會稍微有一些不同，但也是很好理解的，自己多使用幾次就能明白。

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