DockerFile理解與應用

阿新 • • 發佈：2020-12-06

1.DockerFile是什麼？

DockerFile是用來構建Docker映象的構建檔案，一般分為四部分：基礎映象資訊、維護者資訊、映象操作指令和容器啟動時執行指令，’#’ 為 Dockerfile 中的註釋。

我們可以通過dockerfile來構建docker映象。

如tomcat的dockerfile如下：

FROM adoptopenjdk:8-jdk-hotspot
ENV CATALINA_HOME /usr/local/tomcat
ENV PATH $CATALINA_HOME/bin:$PATH
RUN mkdir -p "$CATALINA_HOME"
WORKDIR $CATALINA_HOME 

ENV TOMCAT_NATIVE_LIBDIR $CATALINA_HOME/native-jni-lib
ENV LD_LIBRARY_PATH ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH:+$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:}$TOMCAT_NATIVE_LIBDIR
ENV GPG_KEYS 05AB33110949707C93A279E3D3EFE6B686867BA6 
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["catalina.sh", "run"]

2.DockerFile解析

1）基礎結構由大寫的保留字指令+引數構成。

2）指令從上到下順序執行。

3）#表示註解。

4）每條指令都會建立新的映象層，並對映象進行提交。

3.DockerFile保留字指令解析

1）FROM

基礎映象，當前新建的映象是基於哪個映象的。

2）MAINTAINER

映象維護者的姓名郵箱主頁啥的

3）RUN

容器構建的時候需要的命令

4）EXPOSE

當前容器對外暴露的埠

5）WORKDIR

指定在建立容器後，終端預設登入的進來工作目錄，一個落腳點

6）ENV

映象構建過程中需要設定的環境變數

7）ADD

將宿主機目錄下的檔案拷貝進映象且ADD命令會自動處理URL和解壓tar壓縮包

8）COPY

將宿主機目錄下的檔案拷貝進映象，或者拷貝出來

9）VOLUME

容器資料卷，用於資料儲存和持久化工作。可以將宿主機目錄和容器繫結，這樣兩個資料夾下的檔案都能共通，如tomcat映象的專案部署資料夾，對映到宿主機後，部署專案不需要進入映象，直接部署到宿主機對應目錄就可以了。

10）CMD

制動一個容器啟動時要執行的命令，dockerfile中可以有多個cmd命令，但是隻有最後一個會生效，之前的都會被覆蓋不會被執行。

11）ENTRYPOINT

指定一個容器啟動時要執行的命令，和cmd一樣，但是可以指定多個命令，在容器啟動時，會順序執行。

12）ONBUILD

當構建一個被繼承的dockerfile時執行命令，父映象在被子繼承後赴京向的onbuild被處罰

4.示例

1）基於centos構建一個能使用vim命令和ifconfig命令的，工作目錄是/usr/locald的自定義的centos。

a.自定義的dockerfile

FROM centos
MAINTAINER [email protected]
ENV MYPATH /usr/local
WORKDIR $MYPATH
RUN yum -y install vim
RUN yum -y install net-tools
EXPOSE 80
CMD echo $MYPATH
CMD echo "sucess-----------ok"
CMD /bin/bash

b.執行以下命令，將dockerfile構建成docker映象

docker build -f ./mydockerfile -t mycentos:1.1 .

./mydockerfile是新寫的dockerfile

mycentos:1.1 是新映象的名稱和版本標籤

最後還有一個點別忘了

彈出的日誌如下：

Sending build context to Docker daemon  2.048kB
Step 1/10 : FROM centos
 ---> 0d120b6ccaa8
Step 2/10 : MAINTAINER [email protected]
 ---> Running in e72b7682d2a1
Removing intermediate container e72b7682d2a1
 ---> 0c169e4db377
Step 3/10 : ENV MYPATH /usr/local
 ---> Running in 4bcac118de46
Removing intermediate container 4bcac118de46
 ---> 361b12647c93
Step 4/10 : WORKDIR $MYPATH
 ---> Running in 1f7a11a85882
Removing intermediate container 1f7a11a85882
 ---> c8ca5793760e
Step 5/10 : RUN yum -y install vim
 ---> Running in c10b463ce61a
CentOS-8 - AppStream                            4.9 MB/s | 5.8 MB     00:01    
CentOS-8 - Base                                 942 kB/s | 2.2 MB     00:02    
CentOS-8 - Extras                                11 kB/s | 8.6 kB     00:00    
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package             Arch        Version                   Repository      Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 vim-enhanced        x86_64      2:8.0.1763-13.el8         AppStream      1.4 M
Installing dependencies:
 gpm-libs            x86_64      1.20.7-15.el8             AppStream       39 k
 vim-common          x86_64      2:8.0.1763-13.el8         AppStream      6.3 M
 vim-filesystem      noarch      2:8.0.1763-13.el8         AppStream       48 k
 which               x86_64      2.21-12.el8               BaseOS          49 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  5 Packages

Total download size: 7.8 M
Installed size: 31 M
Downloading Packages:
(1/5): gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64.rpm        450 kB/s |  39 kB     00:00    
(2/5): vim-filesystem-8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch.rp 2.4 MB/s |  48 kB     00:00    
(3/5): vim-enhanced-8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64.rpm  8.4 MB/s | 1.4 MB     00:00    
(4/5): which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64.rpm             496 kB/s |  49 kB     00:00    
(5/5): vim-common-8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64.rpm    9.6 MB/s | 6.3 MB     00:00    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                           3.5 MB/s | 7.8 MB     00:02     
warning: /var/cache/dnf/AppStream-02e86d1c976ab532/packages/gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 8483c65d: NOKEY
CentOS-8 - AppStream                            1.6 MB/s | 1.6 kB     00:00    
Importing GPG key 0x8483C65D:
 Userid     : "CentOS (CentOS Official Signing Key) <[email protected]>"
 Fingerprint: 99DB 70FA E1D7 CE22 7FB6 4882 05B5 55B3 8483 C65D
 From       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64                               1/5 
  Installing       : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch                2/5 
  Installing       : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                    3/5 
  Installing       : gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64                          4/5 
  Running scriptlet: gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64                          4/5 
  Installing       : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                  5/5 
  Running scriptlet: vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                  5/5 
  Running scriptlet: vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                    5/5 
  Verifying        : gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64                          1/5 
  Verifying        : vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                    2/5 
  Verifying        : vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64                  3/5 
  Verifying        : vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch                4/5 
  Verifying        : which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64                               5/5 

Installed:
  gpm-libs-1.20.7-15.el8.x86_64         vim-common-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64    
  vim-enhanced-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.x86_64 vim-filesystem-2:8.0.1763-13.el8.noarch
  which-2.21-12.el8.x86_64             

Complete!
Removing intermediate container c10b463ce61a
 ---> e13ba4c98f4e
Step 6/10 : RUN yum -y install net-tools
 ---> Running in c44679e1b6f8
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:10 ago on Sun Dec  6 09:09:43 2020.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
 Package         Architecture Version                        Repository    Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 net-tools       x86_64       2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8       BaseOS       323 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 323 k
Installed size: 1.0 M
Downloading Packages:
net-tools-2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8.x86_64.rpm   1.8 MB/s | 323 kB     00:00    
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                           427 kB/s | 323 kB     00:00     
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
  Preparing        :                                                        1/1 
  Installing       : net-tools-2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8.x86_64              1/1 
  Running scriptlet: net-tools-2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8.x86_64              1/1 
  Verifying        : net-tools-2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8.x86_64              1/1 

Installed:
  net-tools-2.0-0.51.20160912git.el8.x86_64                                     

Complete!
Removing intermediate container c44679e1b6f8
 ---> e4635d92ce93
Step 7/10 : EXPOSE 80
 ---> Running in 80175acc1bb0
Removing intermediate container 80175acc1bb0
 ---> 648de32c0418
Step 8/10 : CMD echo $MYPATH
 ---> Running in 4bef6d09313d
Removing intermediate container 4bef6d09313d
 ---> ecf14f315d3e
Step 9/10 : CMD echo "sucess-----------ok"
 ---> Running in 2d6a349f1799
Removing intermediate container 2d6a349f1799
 ---> e01edd932e43
Step 10/10 : CMD /bin/bash
 ---> Running in 9b09a2ac5278
Removing intermediate container 9b09a2ac5278
 ---> 7c4be87820a6
Successfully built 7c4be87820a6
Successfully tagged mycentos:1.1

可以看到，每一步都執行一條dockerfile中的命令。

c.使用docker images查詢映象，自定義的映象打好了。

d.啟動映象，可以看到工作目錄已經更改了

vim和ifconfig也可以使用了。