gorm-增刪改查、預載入、軟刪/硬刪

阿新 • • 發佈：2020-12-10

1. orm讀寫資料

1. orm讀寫資料

1.1. 建立

1.1.1. 建立記錄

user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}

db.NewRecord(user) // => 主鍵為空返回`true`

db.Create(&user)

db.NewRecord(user) // => 建立`user`後返回`false`

1.1.2. 預設值

您可以在gorm tag中定義預設值，然後插入SQL將忽略具有預設值的這些欄位，並且其值為空，並且在將記錄插入資料庫後，gorm將從資料庫載入這些欄位的值。

type Animal struct {
    ID   int64
    Name string `gorm:"default:'galeone'"`
    Age  int64
}

var animal = Animal{Age: 99, Name: ""}
db.Create(&animal)
// INSERT INTO animals("age") values('99');
// SELECT name from animals WHERE ID=111; // 返回主鍵為 111
// animal.Name => 'galeone'

1.1.3. 在Callbacks中設定主鍵

如果要在BeforeCreate回撥中設定主欄位的值，可以使用scope.SetColumn，例如：

func (user *User) BeforeCreate(scope *gorm.Scope) error {
  scope.SetColumn("ID", uuid.New())
  return nil
}

1.1.4. 擴充套件建立選項

// 為Instert語句新增擴充套件SQL選項
db.Set("gorm:insert_option", "ON CONFLICT").Create(&product)
// INSERT INTO products (name, code) VALUES ("name", "code") ON CONFLICT;

1.2. 查詢

// 獲取第一條記錄，按主鍵排序
db.First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;

// 獲取最後一條記錄，按主鍵排序
db.Last(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;

// 獲取所有記錄
db.Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;

// 使用主鍵獲取記錄
db.First(&user, 10)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;

1.2.1. Where查詢條件 (簡單SQL)

// 獲取第一個匹配記錄
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' limit 1;

// 獲取所有匹配記錄
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu';

db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)

// IN
db.Where("name in (?)", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)

// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)

// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)

// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)

db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)

1.2.2. Where查詢條件 (Struct & Map)

注意：當使用struct查詢時，GORM將只查詢那些具有值的欄位

// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 LIMIT 1;

// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;

// 主鍵的Slice
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);

1.2.3. Not條件查詢

db.Not("name", "jinzhu").First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" LIMIT 1;

// Not In
db.Not("name", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");

// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3);

db.Not([]int64{}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users;

// Plain SQL
db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT(name = "jinzhu");

// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).First(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu";

1.2.4. 帶內聯條件的查詢

注意：使用主鍵查詢時，應仔細檢查所傳遞的值是否為有效主鍵，以避免SQL注入

// 按主鍵獲取
db.First(&user, 23)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 23 LIMIT 1;

// 簡單SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";

db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;

// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

1.2.5. Or條件查詢

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';

// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2';

// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)

1.2.6. 查詢鏈

Gorm有一個可連結的API，你可以這樣使用它

db.Where("name <> ?","jinzhu").Where("age >= ? and role <> ?",20,"admin").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu' AND age >= 20 AND role <> 'admin';

db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)

1.2.7. 擴充套件查詢選項

// 為Select語句新增擴充套件SQL選項
db.Set("gorm:query_option", "FOR UPDATE").First(&user, 10)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 FOR UPDATE;

1.2.8. FirstOrInit

獲取第一個匹配的記錄，或者使用給定的條件初始化一個新的記錄（僅適用於struct，map條件）

// Unfound
db.FirstOrInit(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing"}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}
db.FirstOrInit(&user, map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu"})
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}

1.2.9. Attrs

如果未找到記錄，則使用引數初始化結構

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs("age", 20).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu';
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 20}

1.2.10. Assign

將引數分配給結果，不管它是否被找到

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrInit(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu';
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 30}

1.2.11. FirstOrCreate

獲取第一個匹配的記錄，或建立一個具有給定條件的新記錄（僅適用於struct, map條件）

// Unfound
db.FirstOrCreate(&user, User{Name: "non_existing"})
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name) VALUES ("non_existing");
//// user -> User{Id: 112, Name: "non_existing"}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "Jinzhu"}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "Jinzhu"}

1.2.12. Attrs

如果未找到記錄，則為引數分配結構

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name, age) VALUES ("non_existing", 20);
//// user -> User{Id: 112, Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu';
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}

1.2.13. Assign

將其分配給記錄，而不管它是否被找到，並儲存回資料庫。

// Unfound
db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Age: 20}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'non_existing';
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name, age) VALUES ("non_existing", 20);
//// user -> User{Id: 112, Name: "non_existing", Age: 20}

// Found
db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Age: 30}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu';
//// UPDATE users SET age=30 WHERE id = 111;
//// user -> User{Id: 111, Name: "jinzhu", Age: 30}

1.2.14. Select

指定要從資料庫檢索的欄位，預設情況下，將選擇所有欄位;

db.Select("name, age").Find(&users)
//// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT name, age FROM users;

db.Table("users").Select("COALESCE(age,?)", 42).Rows()
//// SELECT COALESCE(age,'42') FROM users;

1.2.15. Order

在從資料庫檢索記錄時指定順序，將重排序設定為true以覆蓋定義的條件

db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;

// ReOrder
db.Order("age desc").Find(&users1).Order("age", true).Find(&users2)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc; (users1)
//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age; (users2)

1.2.16. Limit

指定要檢索的記錄數

db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;

// Cancel limit condition with -1
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

1.2.17. Offset

指定在開始返回記錄之前要跳過的記錄數

db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;

// Cancel offset condition with -1
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)

1.2.18. Count

獲取模型的記錄數

db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Or("name = ?", "jinzhu 2").Find(&users).Count(&count)
//// SELECT * from USERS WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2'; (users)
//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR name = 'jinzhu 2'; (count)

db.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Count(&count)
//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu'; (count)

db.Table("deleted_users").Count(&count)
//// SELECT count(*) FROM deleted_users;

1.2.19. Group & Having

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
    ...
}

rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
for rows.Next() {
    ...
}

type Result struct {
    Date  time.Time
    Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)

1.2.20. Join

指定連線條件

rows, err := db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Rows()
for rows.Next() {
    ...
}

db.Table("users").Select("users.name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Scan(&results)

// 多個連線與引數
db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "[email protected]").Joins("JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id").Where("credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Find(&user)

1.2.21. Pluck

將模型中的單個列作為地圖查詢，如果要查詢多個列，可以使用Scan

var ages []int64
db.Find(&users).Pluck("age", &ages)

var names []string
db.Model(&User{}).Pluck("name", &names)

db.Table("deleted_users").Pluck("name", &names)

// 要返回多個列，做這樣：
db.Select("name, age").Find(&users)

1.2.22. Scan

將結果掃描到另一個結構中。

type Result struct {
    Name string
    Age  int
}

var result Result
db.Table("users").Select("name, age").Where("name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)

// Raw SQL
db.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)

1.2.23. Scopes

將當前資料庫連線傳遞到func(*DB) *DB，可以用於動態新增條件

func AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Where("amount > ?", 1000)
}

func PaidWithCreditCard(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func PaidWithCod(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Where("pay_mode_sign = ?", "C")
}

func OrderStatus(status []string) func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
        return db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000).Where("status in (?)", status)
    }
}

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCreditCard).Find(&orders)
// 查詢所有信用卡訂單和金額大於1000

db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCod).Find(&orders)
// 查詢所有COD訂單和金額大於1000

db.Scopes(OrderStatus([]string{"paid", "shipped"})).Find(&orders)
// 查詢所有付費，發貨訂單

1.2.24. 指定表名

// 使用User結構定義建立`deleted_users`表
db.Table("deleted_users").CreateTable(&User{})

var deleted_users []User
db.Table("deleted_users").Find(&deleted_users)
//// SELECT * FROM deleted_users;

db.Table("deleted_users").Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Delete()
//// DELETE FROM deleted_users WHERE name = 'jinzhu';

1.3. 預載入

db.Preload("Orders").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;
//// SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,4);

db.Preload("Orders", "state NOT IN (?)", "cancelled").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;
//// SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,4) AND state NOT IN ('cancelled');

db.Where("state = ?", "active").Preload("Orders", "state NOT IN (?)", "cancelled").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE state = 'active';
//// SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2) AND state NOT IN ('cancelled');

db.Preload("Orders").Preload("Profile").Preload("Role").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;
//// SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,4); // has many
//// SELECT * FROM profiles WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,4); // has one
//// SELECT * FROM roles WHERE id IN (4,5,6); // belongs to

1.3.1. 自定義預載入SQL

您可以通過傳遞func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB（與Scopes的使用方法相同）來自定義預載入SQL，例如：

db.Preload("Orders", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
    return db.Order("orders.amount DESC")
}).Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users;
//// SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (1,2,3,4) order by orders.amount DESC;

1.3.2. 巢狀預載入

db.Preload("Orders.OrderItems").Find(&users)
db.Preload("Orders", "state = ?", "paid").Preload("Orders.OrderItems").Find(&users)

1.4. 更新

1.4.1. 更新全部欄位

Save將包括執行更新SQL時的所有欄位，即使它沒有更改

db.First(&user)

user.Name = "jinzhu 2"
user.Age = 100
db.Save(&user)

//// UPDATE users SET name='jinzhu 2', age=100, birthday='2016-01-01', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

1.4.2. 更新更改欄位

如果只想更新更改的欄位，可以使用Update, Updates

// 更新單個屬性（如果更改）
db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 使用組合條件更新單個屬性
db.Model(&user).Where("active = ?", true).Update("name", "hello")
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111 AND active=true;

// 使用`map`更新多個屬性，只會更新這些更改的欄位
db.Model(&user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "actived": false})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, actived=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

// 使用`struct`更新多個屬性，只會更新這些更改的和非空白欄位
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id = 111;

// 警告:當使用struct更新時，FORM將僅更新具有非空值的欄位
// 對於下面的更新，什麼都不會更新為""，0，false是其型別的空白值
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "", Age: 0, Actived: false})

1.4.3. 更新選擇的欄位

如果您只想在更新時更新或忽略某些欄位，可以使用Select, Omit

db.Model(&user).Select("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "actived": false})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

db.Model(&user).Omit("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "actived": false})
//// UPDATE users SET age=18, actived=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;

1.4.4. 更新更改欄位但不進行Callbacks

以上更新操作將執行模型的BeforeUpdate, AfterUpdate方法，更新其UpdatedAt時間戳，在更新時儲存它的Associations，如果不想呼叫它們，可以使用UpdateColumn, UpdateColumns

// 更新單個屬性，類似於`Update`
db.Model(&user).UpdateColumn("name", "hello")
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello' WHERE id = 111;

// 更新多個屬性，與“更新”類似
db.Model(&user).UpdateColumns(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE id = 111;

1.4.5. Batch Updates 批量更新

Callbacks在批量更新時不會執行

db.Table("users").Where("id IN (?)", []int{10, 11}).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18 WHERE id IN (10, 11);

// 使用struct更新僅適用於非零值，或使用map[string]interface{}
db.Model(User{}).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18})
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18;

// 使用`RowsAffected`獲取更新記錄計數
db.Model(User{}).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18}).RowsAffected

1.4.6. 使用SQL表示式更新

DB.Model(&product).Update("price", gorm.Expr("price * ? + ?", 2, 100))
//// UPDATE "products" SET "price" = price * '2' + '100', "updated_at" = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE "id" = '2';

DB.Model(&product).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"price": gorm.Expr("price * ? + ?", 2, 100)})
//// UPDATE "products" SET "price" = price * '2' + '100', "updated_at" = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE "id" = '2';

DB.Model(&product).UpdateColumn("quantity", gorm.Expr("quantity - ?", 1))
//// UPDATE "products" SET "quantity" = quantity - 1 WHERE "id" = '2';

DB.Model(&product).Where("quantity > 1").UpdateColumn("quantity", gorm.Expr("quantity - ?", 1))
//// UPDATE "products" SET "quantity" = quantity - 1 WHERE "id" = '2' AND quantity > 1;

1.4.7. 在Callbacks中更改更新值

如果要使用BeforeUpdate, BeforeSave更改回調中的更新值，可以使用scope.SetColumn，例如

func (user *User) BeforeSave(scope *gorm.Scope) (err error) {
  if pw, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword(user.Password, 0); err == nil {
    scope.SetColumn("EncryptedPassword", pw)
  }
}

1.4.8. 額外更新選項

// 為Update語句新增額外的SQL選項
db.Model(&user).Set("gorm:update_option", "OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)").Update("name, "hello")
//// UPDATE users SET name='hello', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);

1.5. 刪除/軟刪除

警告刪除記錄時，需要確保其主要欄位具有值，GORM將使用主鍵刪除記錄，如果主要欄位為空，GORM將刪除模型的所有記錄

// 刪除存在的記錄
db.Delete(&email)
//// DELETE from emails where id=10;

// 為Delete語句新增額外的SQL選項
db.Set("gorm:delete_option", "OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)").Delete(&email)
//// DELETE from emails where id=10 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);

1.5.1. 批量刪除

刪除所有匹配記錄

db.Where("email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%").Delete(Email{})
//// DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinhu%";

db.Delete(Email{}, "email LIKE ?", "%jinzhu%")
//// DELETE from emails where email LIKE "%jinhu%";

1.5.2. 軟刪除

如果模型有DeletedAt欄位，它將自動獲得軟刪除功能！那麼在呼叫Delete時不會從資料庫中永久刪除，而是隻將欄位DeletedAt的值設定為當前時間。

db.Delete(&user)
//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE id = 111;

// 批量刪除
db.Where("age = ?", 20).Delete(&User{})
//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at="2013-10-29 10:23" WHERE age = 20;

// 軟刪除的記錄將在查詢時被忽略
db.Where("age = 20").Find(&user)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20 AND deleted_at IS NULL;

// 使用Unscoped查詢軟刪除的記錄
db.Unscoped().Where("age = 20").Find(&users)
//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;

// 使用Unscoped永久刪除記錄
db.Unscoped().Delete(&order)
//// DELETE FROM orders WHERE id=10;

1.6. 關聯

預設情況下，當建立/更新記錄時，GORM將儲存其關聯，如果關聯具有主鍵，GORM將呼叫Update來儲存它，否則將被建立。

user := User{
    Name:            "jinzhu",
    BillingAddress:  Address{Address1: "Billing Address - Address 1"},
    ShippingAddress: Address{Address1: "Shipping Address - Address 1"},
    Emails:          []Email{
                                        {Email: "[email protected]"},
                                        {Email: "jinzhu-2@[email protected]"},
                   },
    Languages:       []Language{
                     {Name: "ZH"},
                     {Name: "EN"},
                   },
}

db.Create(&user)
//// BEGIN TRANSACTION;
//// INSERT INTO "addresses" (address1) VALUES ("Billing Address - Address 1");
//// INSERT INTO "addresses" (address1) VALUES ("Shipping Address - Address 1");
//// INSERT INTO "users" (name,billing_address_id,shipping_address_id) VALUES ("jinzhu", 1, 2);
//// INSERT INTO "emails" (user_id,email) VALUES (111, "[email protected]");
//// INSERT INTO "emails" (user_id,email) VALUES (111, "[email protected]");
//// INSERT INTO "languages" ("name") VALUES ('ZH');
//// INSERT INTO user_languages ("user_id","language_id") VALUES (111, 1);
//// INSERT INTO "languages" ("name") VALUES ('EN');
//// INSERT INTO user_languages ("user_id","language_id") VALUES (111, 2);
//// COMMIT;

db.Save(&user)

參考Associations更多詳細資訊

1.6.1. 建立/更新時跳過儲存關聯

預設情況下儲存記錄時，GORM也會儲存它的關聯，你可以通過設定gorm:save_associations為false跳過它。

db.Set("gorm:save_associations", false).Create(&user)

db.Set("gorm:save_associations", false).Save(&user)

1.6.2. tag設定跳過儲存關聯

您可以使用tag來配置您的struct，以便在建立/更新時不會儲存關聯

type User struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name      string
  CompanyID uint
  Company   Company `gorm:"save_associations:false"`
}

type Company struct {
  gorm.Model
  Name string
}

gorm-增刪改查、預載入、軟刪/硬刪

目錄1. orm讀寫資料1.1. 建立1.1.1. 建立記錄1.1.2. 預設值1.1.3. 在Callbacks中設定主鍵1.1.4. 擴充套件建立選項1.2. 查詢1.2.1. Where查詢條件 (簡單SQL)1.2.2. Where查詢條件 (Struct & Map)1.2.3. Not條件查