KVM is an acronym of “Kernel based Virtual Machine”, and is a virtualization infrastructure for the Linux kernel that turns it into a hypervisor.
It is used with QEMU to emulate some peripherals, called QEMU-KVM.

The basic architecture for KVM is as follows.

• KVM Architecture. {: .center}

QEMU process runs as a userspace process on top of the Linux kernel with KVM module, and a guest kernel runs on the of emulated hardware in QEMU.

QEMU can co-work with KVM for hardware based virtualization (Intel VT-x or AMD AMD-V). Using hardware based virtualization, QEMU does not have to emulate all CPU instructions, so it is really fast.

When we create a virtual machine on the host, we type the following command.

udo qemu-system-x86_64 -enable-kvm -M q35 -m 8192
 
 -cpu host,kvm=off ...

which means that we runs x86-64 based architecture CPU, with the help of KVM support (hardware based virtualization), the emulated chipset should be q35, and the size of memory should be 8GB, and so on.

After typing the command, QEMU sendsioctl()command to KVM module to create a VM.

/linux/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:2998

static int kvm_dev_ioctl_create_vm (unsigned long type)
{
    int r;
    struct kvm* kvm;

    kvm = kvm_create_vm(type);

    ...
}

/linux/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c:545

static struct kvm *kvm_create_vm (unsigned long type)
{
    int r, i;
    struct kvm* kvm = kvm_arch_alloc_vm();

    ...
    r = kvm_arch_init_vm(kvm, type);
    r = hardware_enable_all();

    ...
}

/linux/include/linux/kvm_host.h:738
static inline struct kvm *kvm_arch_alloc_vm(void)
{
    return kzalloc(sizeof(struct kvm), GFP_KERNEL);
}

struct kvm is a virtual machine data structure that KVM uses, and is defined as follows.

/linux/include/linux/kvm_host.h:361

struct kvm {
    spinlock_t mmu_lock;
    struct mutex slots_lock;
    struct mm_struct* mm;
    ...
}

It includes all hardware units that are necessary.
Actual initialization of the data structure is done inkvm_arch_init_vm().

/linux/arch/x86/kvm/x86.c:7726

int kvm_arch_init_vm (struct kvm *kvm, unsigned long type)
{
    INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.mask_notifier_list);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(&kvm->arch.active_mmu_pages);
    ...
    kvm_page_track_init(kvm);
    kvm_mmu_init_vm(kvm);

    return 0;
}

KVM on ARM

Kernel KVM code go through is inKVM Internal: How a VM is Created?.From PaperOptimizing the Design and Implementation of the Linux ARM Hypervisor.

Virtualization Host Extensions (VHE) on ARMv8.1

Reference isOptimizing the Design and Implementation of KVM/Arm

• HCR_EL2.E2H enables and disables VHE
• Run host kernel on EL2, no stage 2 translation table overhead
• Reduce hypercall overhead

References

• Wikipedia. Kernel-based Virtual Machine. [Online].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
• Novell. KVM Architecture. [Online].https://www.slideshare.net/NOVL/virtualization-with-kvm-kernelbased-virtual-machine