HCNA Routing&Switching之靜態路由
阿新 • • 發佈：2021-07-03
前文我們聊到了路由的相關概念和路由基礎方面的話題，回顧請參考https://www.cnblogs.com/qiuhom-1874/p/14947897.html；今天我們聊聊靜態路由相關話題；
回顧：在網路通訊中，兩個路由器要想通訊，前提是必須有通往對端的路由；可以說路由是網路通訊的基礎條件；路由有很多種類，不同種類的路由資訊其特點，優缺點各不相同；最為簡單的就是直連路由，生成直連路由的必須滿足兩個條件，第一對應介面必須配置ip地址，其次對應介面物理和協議必須處於up狀態；優點是自動生成，管理員只需要把對應介面配置上相應的地址，連上網線，對應直連路由就可以生成；缺點：只能夠到達路由器直連的網路，不能夠到達非直連的網路；
實驗：如下圖，配置好各裝置的介面ip地址以後，看看對應路由表的變化，看看pc5,pc7以及R1是否能夠ping同pc6?
分析：要想pc5,pc7和R1和pc6通訊，首先R1要有去往pc6的路由，其次pc5和pc7的閘道器指向R1，因為pc6和pc5pc7不再同一網路（不再同一網路的裝置通訊，預設會再閘道器）；
未配置R1各介面ip地址前的路由表
<Huawei>dis ip int b
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 0
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 1
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 3
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 unassigned up down
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 unassigned up down
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned up down
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
<Huawei>dis ip rou
<Huawei>dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 4 Routes : 4
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
<Huawei>
提示：可以看到在未配置介面ip地址前，檢視路由表，路由表中只有迴環介面的路由資訊；檢視介面簡要資訊也可以發現對應介面的物理狀態是up的，協議狀態是down，不滿足生成直連路由的條件，所以路由表沒有對應介面的路由資訊；
配置R1
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R1
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.0.0.254 24
Jul 2 2021 23:00:05-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 11.0.0.254 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/2
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
Jul 2 2021 23:00:05-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
Jul 2 2021 23:00:07-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the UP state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[R1]dis ip int b
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 0
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 0
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 10.0.0.254/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 11.0.0.254/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 12.0.0.1/24 up up
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
[R1]dis ip rou
[R1]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 13 Routes : 13
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.0.254 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.0.254/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
11.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 11.0.0.254 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
11.0.0.254/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
11.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
12.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
12.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
12.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
[R1]
提示：可以看到在r1上的各介面上正確的配置上ip地址資訊以後，對應介面的協議狀態就從down轉變為up狀態，同時路由表中也多了對應網路的路由資訊；
配置R2
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R2
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.0.0.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
Jul 2 2021 23:05:39-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 22.0.0.254 24
Jul 2 2021 23:05:40-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[3]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]dis ip int b
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 1
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 12.0.0.2/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 22.0.0.254/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 unassigned down down
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
[R2]dis ip rout
[R2]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 10 Routes : 10
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
12.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
22.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 22.0.0.254 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
22.0.0.254/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
22.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
[R2]
提示：按照題意我們配置好了兩個路由器的名稱和相關介面的ip地址，對應路由器各自都生成了相應的直連路由；
配置好各pc的ip地址資訊，然後用pc5ping pc6看看是否可以正常通訊？
配置pc5
提示：pc5和R1的g0/0/0口是直連，所以對應pc5的閘道器必須指向R1的g0/0/0介面的ip地址；
配置pc6
提示：pc6和R2的g0/0/1口是直連，所以對應pc6的閘道器必須指向R2的g0/0/1介面的ip地址；
配置pc7
提示：pc7和R1的g0/0/1口是直連，所以對應pc7的閘道器必須指向R1的g0/0/1介面的ip地址；
驗證：pc5 ping pc6看看是否可以通訊？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe54:5adc IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 10.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 10.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-54-5A-DC DNS server........................: PC>ping 22.0.0.1 Ping 22.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 22.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>
提示：可以看到在pc5上ping pc6，給我們的回饋是請求超時；
在r1的g0/0/2口抓包，看看對應是否有資料包通過？
提示：可以看到在R1的g0/0/2口上沒有抓到任何資料包，說明ping22.0.0.1的資料包沒有在r1和r2直連鏈路上通過，所以我們ping pc6回饋給我們的是請求超時，其原因是R1上沒有去往pc6的路由，當R1收到pc5發來的資料包，檢視對應資料包是去往22.0.0.1的，R1在自己的路由表中沒有匹配到去往22.0.0.1的路由，所以R1直接將對應資料包丟棄，不予轉發；
驗證：用pc5 ping pc7 看看是否能夠正常通訊？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe54:5adc IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 10.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 10.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-54-5A-DC DNS server........................: PC>ping 11.0.0.1 Ping 11.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! From 11.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=16 ms From 11.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=16 ms From 11.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=16 ms From 11.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time<1 ms --- 11.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 4 packet(s) received 20.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0/12/16 ms PC>
提示：可以看到pc5 是可以正常和pc7通訊；其實原因很簡單，就是因為R1上有對應去往pc7和pc5的直連路由，所以pc5和pc7可以正常通訊；通過上述實驗，可以看到直連路由的優點是它自動生成，只要管理員正確配置了ip地址，並且在介面上接上了線，對應直連路由就會自動生成了；缺點就是不能和非直連的網路通訊；這樣一來我們要想和非直連網路通訊，光憑直連路由是做不到；
靜態路由
所謂靜態路由就是指管理員人工手動新增的路由資訊；
新增靜態路由的命令語法
ip route-static 目標網路 子網掩碼/字首 下一跳地址/出介面
提示：如果出介面為乙太網介面，則必須要指定下一跳地址，如果出介面為串列埠，可以使用下一跳或出介面來配置；
實驗：還是上面的top，實現pc5能夠ping 通pc6
在R1上新增靜態路由
驗證：現在R1上有去往pc6的路由資訊，用pc 5ping pc6 看看是否可以正常通訊？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe54:5adc IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 10.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 10.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-54-5A-DC DNS server........................: PC>ping 22.0.0.1 Ping 22.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 22.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>
提示：可以看到pc5現在依然ping 不通pc6；
在r1的g0/0/2口抓包，看看是否有對應資料包通過？
提示：現在在R1的g0/0/2口可以抓到pc5 ping pc 6的包，但是沒有pc6 回來的包，其原因是R2上沒有到達pc5所在網路的路由；所以pc5 ping 不同pc6;
在R2上新增去往pc5的路由
驗證：現在用pc5再次ping pc6看看是否能通？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe54:5adc IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 10.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 10.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-54-5A-DC DNS server........................: PC>ping 22.0.0.1 Ping 22.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=16 ms --- 22.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 4 packet(s) received 20.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0/16/16 ms PC>
提示：可以看到pc5可以正常ping 通pc6了；
驗證：在R1的g0/0/2口抓包，看看對應資料包是否有回覆了？
提示：可以看到現在在R1的g0/0/2口抓包就有正常回復包；
驗證：pc7 ping pc6，看看是否能夠ping通？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe99:6332 IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 11.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 11.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-99-63-32 DNS server........................: PC>ping 22.0.0.1 Ping 22.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 22.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>
提示：可以看到pc7到現在依然無法Ping通pc6,其原因是r2沒有回來pc7的路由，所以pc7現在能夠把包送達到pc6，但回不來，所以導致pc7ping不同pc6;要想實現pc7ping通pc6,我們還需要在r2上新增一條去往pc7的路由；
在R2上新增去往pc7的路由
驗證：現在pc7 ping pc6，看看是否可以正常通訊？
PC>ipconfig Link local IPv6 address...........: fe80::5689:98ff:fe99:6332 IPv6 address......................: :: / 128 IPv6 gateway......................: :: IPv4 address......................: 11.0.0.1 Subnet mask.......................: 255.255.255.0 Gateway...........................: 11.0.0.254 Physical address..................: 54-89-98-99-63-32 DNS server........................: PC>ping 22.0.0.1 Ping 22.0.0.1: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=16 ms From 22.0.0.1: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=16 ms --- 22.0.0.1 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 16/16/16 ms PC>
提示：可以看到pc7現在也能正常ping通pc6;通過上述實驗我們發現靜態路由的配置還是很簡單，必須手動指定目標網路，掩碼以及下一跳；其次網路通訊的過程是是雙向的，配置靜態路由，我們必須考慮來回的路由在所經過的路由器都要有對應的路由；如果網路規模非常大（網段特別多，路由器特別多），如果用手動配置靜態路由的方式，就不是很容易了；所以靜態路由適用於網路規模不是太大的環境中；除此之外靜態路由有一個非常大的缺點，它不能根據top變化而變化，這樣一來，如果現網中某個介面地址的發生變化，管理員必須手動更改路由資訊；
負載分擔
負載分擔就是等價路由即到達同一目標網路的路由有多條，並且他們的優先順序開銷都一樣；
實驗：如下圖，配置pc5和pc6通訊的流量都可以走R1,R2之間的兩條鏈路
在R1的g0/0/1介面上配置對應的ip地址，並配置訪問pc6的對應路由資訊
<R1>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R1]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 21.0.0.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]ip route-s 22.0.0.1 32 21.0.0.2
[R1]dis ip routin
[R1]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 14 Routes : 15
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 10.0.0.254 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.0.254/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
10.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
12.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
12.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
21.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 21.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
21.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
21.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
22.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
Static 60 0 RD 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
[R1]
在R2的g0/0/2介面上配置對應的ip地址，並配置訪問pc5的對應路由資訊
<R2>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R2]int g0/0/2
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]ip add 21.0.0.2 24
Jul 3 2021 00:34:04-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the UP state.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[R2]ip route-s 10.0.0.1 32 21.0.0.1
[R2]dis ip routing
[R2]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
Destinations : 15 Routes : 16
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Static 60 0 RD 21.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
11.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
12.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
21.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
21.0.0.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
21.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
22.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 22.0.0.254 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
22.0.0.254/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
22.0.0.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
[R2]
提示：這樣配置以後，pc5所在網路和pc6所在網路的裝置通訊就有兩條鏈路一起負載，這樣可以減少之前一條鏈路的壓力；
驗證：用tracert 追蹤pc5和pc6通訊所走的鏈路
提示：從上面的鏈路追蹤和抓包可以看到現在pc5和pc6通訊，兩條鏈路都用上了，pc5pingpc6走下面21網段，回覆包全部走12網段所在鏈路，pc6pingpc5 去走12網段所在鏈路，回來走21網段所在鏈路；
浮動路由
浮動路由又稱主備路由，即去往同一網路的多條路由中有主備之分，預設情況主路由工作（活動路由），一旦活動路由宕掉，備份路由馬上就變為活動路由；一旦主路由恢復，備份路由又會處於非活動狀態；有點類似keepalived的搶佔模式，一旦主掛了，備份路由馬上變為主，一旦原來的主活了，現在的主馬上就變為備份路由；其原理就是在等價路由的基礎上，藉助路由器轉發原則根據其優先順序來確定那條路由存在路由表（最優路由），一旦存在路由表中的最優路由鏈路宕掉，對應介面也會隨之宕掉，所以對應最優路由來說，其出介面就會變為unknow狀態，導致路由不可用，此時根據路由轉發原則，原來的次優路由就會變為最優路由，一旦優先順序最小的路由所在鏈路恢復正常，路由器又會根據路由轉發原則把次優路由替換下來，讓其處於非活動狀態；
實驗：還是上述top，在R1上配置12網段所在鏈路為主鏈路，21網段為備份鏈路
配置r1
[R1]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 2 Configured Routes : 2
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
Static 60 0 RD 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R1]ip rou
[R1]ip route-s 22.0.0.1 32 21.0.0.2 pre 61
Info: Succeeded in modifying route.
[R1]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 2 Configured Routes : 2
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 61 0 R 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
[R1]
提示：在R1上修改原有去往22.0.0.1 下一跳為21.0.0.2 的路由的優先順序為61，此時對應路由器來說，去往22.0.0.1的兩條路由就不再是等價路由，所以下一跳為12.0.0.2的路由就會被選為最優路由，下一跳為21.0.0.2的路由就會被選為次優非活動路由；這裡需要提醒的是以上路由只是針對r1，對r2來說，它的路由還是等價路由，並不會改變；
配置R2，12網段所在鏈路為備份鏈路，21網段為主鏈路
[R2]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 2 Routes : 3 Configured Routes : 3
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 2 Routes : 3
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Static 60 0 RD 21.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
11.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R2]ip route-s 10.0.0.1 32 12.0.0.1 pre 61
Info: Succeeded in modifying route.
[R2]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 2 Routes : 3 Configured Routes : 3
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 2 Routes : 2
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 21.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
11.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
10.0.0.1/32 Static 61 0 R 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
[R2]
驗證：在R1上把12網段所在介面宕掉，看看對應的備份路由是否會成為活動路由？
<R1>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R1]dis ip int b
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 0
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 0
Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol
GigabitEthernet0/0/0 10.0.0.254/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/1 21.0.0.1/24 up up
GigabitEthernet0/0/2 12.0.0.1/24 up up
NULL0 unassigned up up(s)
[R1]int g0/0/2
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]shutdow
Jul 3 2021 01:22:12-08:00 R1 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[0]:Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has turned into DOWN state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]
Jul 3 2021 01:22:13-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the DOWN state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[R1]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 2 Configured Routes : 2
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 61 0 RD 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 12.0.0.2 Unknown
[R1]
提示：可以看到R1上的g0/0/2介面宕掉以後，對應活動路由變成了非活動路由，原來的非活動路由變成了活動路由；當然路由的變化也意味著其資料包的走向也發生了變化，從而實現鏈路切換；
恢復R1上的g0/0/2介面，看看對應路由變化
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]undo shutdown
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]
Jul 3 2021 01:26:52-08:00 R1 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[2]:Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has turned into UP state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]
Jul 3 2021 01:26:52-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[3]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2 has entered the UP state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/2]q
[R1]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 2 Configured Routes : 2
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/2
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
22.0.0.1/32 Static 61 0 R 21.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
[R1]
提示：可以看到當介面恢復，對應活動路由又會變為非活動路由，實現了鏈路和路由的切換；當然對於r2也是同樣的原理；從某種意義上我們可以理解浮動路由其實就是連結的高可用；
預設路由
從上面的實驗和配置過程來看，使用靜態路由，必須在對應路由器上配置上資料包來回的路由，如果沒有對應網段的路由，則我們就不能夠正常訪問對應的目標網路；這樣一來我們如果要訪問的網路非常多，比如網際網路，我們不能也不應該把全網際網路所有路由都寫進路由器，即便可以，運營商和網際網路的路由非常多，一般路由器也存不下，為了解決這樣的問題，預設路由就可以派上用場了；所謂預設路由是指，在路由表中，所有未被匹配的路由，都可以被預設路由所匹配；預設路由以0.0.0.0為目標網路，掩碼為0.0.0.0或字首為0 來表示匹配任意目標網路；根據路由器的轉發原則，掩碼最長匹配優先，預設路由的優先順序是最低的，即最後才會被匹配；預設路由的作用是減少路由條目，減輕路由器查詢匹配路由的壓力；通常用於末梢網路，比如家庭上網，企業出口；預設路由可以靜態配置，也可通過動態路由協議釋出；
實驗：靜態配置預設路由，實現pc5和pc6互通
配置R1
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R1
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 10.0.0.254 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
Jul 3 2021 01:55:33-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 12.0.0.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]ip route-s 0.0.0.0 0 12.0.0.2
Jul 3 2021 01:55:33-08:00 R1 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[R1]ip route-s 0.0.0.0 0 12.0.0.2
[R1]dis ip routing-table pro static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1 Configured Routes : 1
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/1
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R1]
配置R2
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sys R2
[R2]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.0.0.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 22.0.0.254
Jul 3 2021 01:55:45-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state.
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 22.0.0.254 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R2]ip route-s 0.0.0.0 0 12.0.0.1
Jul 3 2021 01:55:45-08:00 R2 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[1]:The line protocol IP on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1 has entered the UP state.
[R2]ip route-s 0.0.0.0 0 12.0.0.1
[R2]dis ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1 Configured Routes : 1
Static routing table status : <Active>
Destinations : 1 Routes : 1
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface
0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 12.0.0.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Static routing table status : <Inactive>
Destinations : 0 Routes : 0
[R2]
驗證：用pc5 ping pc6 看看是否可以互通？
提示：可以看到配置預設靜態路由以後，pc5是可以正常和pc6通訊；同樣的原理，pc6也是可以正常和pc5通訊；有了預設路由我們只需要寫一條了路由，即可匹配任意路由；這裡需要提醒一下，預設路由一般用於末梢網路，如果不是末梢網路的路由器，需要結合靜態明細路由或動態路由；