Docker 安裝及基本命令
阿新 • • 發佈：2021-11-09
Docker官方文件
Docker遠端倉庫
安裝步驟以及命令
準備工作
# 1. 解除安裝已安裝過的舊版本的docker [新伺服器無需此操作] yum remove docker \ docker-client \ docker-client-latest \ docker-common \ docker-latest \ docker-latest-logrotate \ docker-logrotate \ docker-engine # 2. 需要安裝的包 yum install -y yum-utils
開始docker安裝命令
# 3. 設定映象倉庫 # 官方映象地址是比較慢，可以使用國內的，比如阿里的 yum-config-manager \ --add-repo \ https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo #推薦使用國內的 yum-config-manager \ --add-repo \ https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo # 4. 更新yum索引，獲取最新的索引yum makecache fast yum makecache fast # 5. 安裝docker相關的 docker-ce 社群版 而ee是企業版,企業版是收費 yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io # 6.啟動docker systemctl start docker # 7. 驗證是否安裝成功 docker version
驗證安裝成功
執行version命令，出現docker的版本資訊，即為安裝成功
Hollo-world
Hollo-word示例
測試docker環境是否正常，使用官方提供的hollo-word的示例
映象執行命令
docker run hello-world # docker run 映象
執行結果：
-
當執行run命令時，本地不存在需要執行的映象，則會到遠端映象倉庫拉取
-
執行映象為新增tag版本號，則會拉取遠端最新的映象版本 lastest 表示最新版本
映象基本命令
- 容器啟動命令
docker run [可選引數] image | docker container run [可選引數] image #參書說明 --name="Name" #容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02 用來區分容器 -d #後臺方式執行 -it #使用互動方式執行，進入容器檢視內容 -p #指定容器的埠 -p 8080(宿主機):8080(容器) -p ip:主機埠:容器埠 -p 主機埠:容器埠(常用) -p 容器埠 容器埠 -P(大寫) 隨機指定埠 # 測試、啟動並進入容器 [root@iz2zeak7sgj6i7hrb2g [root@iz2zeak7sgj6i7hrb2g862z ~]# docker run -it centos /bin/bash 【啟動並進入容器】 [root@241b5abce65e /]# ls bin dev etc home lib lib64 lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var [root@241b5abce65e /]# exit 【從容器退回主機】 exit
常見的坑：docker容器使用後臺執行，就必須要有要一個前臺程序，docker發現沒有應用，就會自動停止
- 檢視當前docker環境下的所有映象
docker images #檢視當前docker環境下的所有映象
docker image ls
[root@bogon /]# docker images
# 映象名稱 映象版本 唯一ID 時間 映象大小
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
hello-world latest feb5d9fea6a5 6 weeks ago 13.3kB
- 搜尋映象 【建議少用，使用遠端倉庫可以檢視映象詳情】
docker search #搜尋映象
- 下載映象
docker pull #下載映象 docker image pull
- 刪除映象
docker rmi #刪除映象 docker image rm
docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) #刪除全部的映象
容器基本命令
- 查詢容器
docker ps # 列出當前正在執行的容器
-a, --all #列出當前正在執行的容器 + 帶出歷史執行過的容器
-n=?, --last int #列出最近建立的?個容器 ?為1則只列出最近建立的一個容器,為2則列出2個
-q, --quiet #只列出容器的編號
[root@bogon /]# docker ps
# 容器唯一ID 映象名 執行命令 時間 狀態 暴露埠 容器名
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7d18e99366ff nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 2 minutes ago Up 2 minutes 80/tcp pedantic_faraday
--------
[root@bogon /]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7d18e99366ff nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 4 minutes ago Up 4 minutes 80/tcp pedantic_faraday【正在執行的容器】
d05f3bc3884a hello-world "/hello" 45 minutes ago Exited (0) 45 minutes ago modest_tereshkova【之前執行過的容器】
--------
[root@bogon /]# docker ps -q
d9b9a2b10c76
3c4c5037f3d4
--------
[root@bogon /]# docker ps -n=2
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
d9b9a2b10c76 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 36 seconds ago Up 35 seconds 80/tcp nginx06
3c4c5037f3d4 nginx "/docker-entrypoint.…" 41 seconds ago Up 40 seconds 80/tcp nginx05
- 容器停止命令
docker stop 容器ID # 容器停止命令
# 查詢到正在執行的容器，
# -q 僅展示容器ID
[root@bogon /]# docker ps -q
cca290da9e9c
[root@bogon /]# docker stop cca290da9e9c
cca290da9e9c 【容器停止成功】
docker stop $(docker ps -aq) # 停止所有正在執行的容器 $ 代表取值
[root@bogon /]# docker ps -q 【正在執行的容器】
a924fd191505
7d58cbf29ea3
[root@bogon /]# docker stop $(docker ps -q)【停止所有正在執行的容器】
a924fd191505
7d58cbf29ea3
- 殺死正在執行的容器
docker kill 容器ID
- 刪除容器
docker rm 容器id #刪除指定的容器，不能刪除正在執行的容器，如果要強制刪除 rm -rf
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq) #刪除所有的容器
- 啟動和重啟容器
docker start 容器id #啟動容器
docker restart 容器id #重啟容器
- 進入容器
docker exec -it 容器ID /bin/bash #進入容器並且開啟一個新的終端
docker attach 容器id #進入容器並且進入正在執行的終端
- 退出容器
exit #容器直接退出
ctrl +P +Q #容器不停止退出 ---注意：這個很有用的操作
- 檢視docker日誌
docker logs --help
Options:
--details Show extra details provided to logs
* -f, --follow Follow log output
--since string Show logs since timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
* --tail string Number of lines to show from the end of the logs (default "all")
* -t, --timestamps Show timestamps
--until string Show logs before a timestamp (e.g. 2013-01-02T13:23:37) or relative (e.g. 42m for 42 minutes)
➜ ~ docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c "while true;do echo 6666;sleep 1;done" #模擬日誌
#顯示日誌
-tf #顯示日誌資訊（一直更新）
--tail number #需要顯示日誌條數
docker logs -t --tail n 容器id #檢視n行日誌
docker logs -ft 容器id #跟著日誌
- 檢視容器中程序資訊
docker top 容器ID
- 檢視容器的元資料
#命令
docker inspect 容器ID
# 測試
[root@bogon /]# docker inspect 7daa2237ec1d
[
{
"Id": "7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a",
"Created": "2021-11-08T08:23:50.342564917Z",
"Path": "/docker-entrypoint.sh",
"Args": [
"nginx",
"-g",
"daemon off;"
],
"State": {
"Status": "running",
"Running": true,
"Paused": false,
"Restarting": false,
"OOMKilled": false,
"Dead": false,
"Pid": 84968,
"ExitCode": 0,
"Error": "",
"StartedAt": "2021-11-08T08:23:51.070809271Z",
"FinishedAt": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
},
"Image": "sha256:87a94228f133e2da99cb16d653cd1373c5b4e8689956386c1c12b60a20421a02",
"ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a/resolv.conf",
"HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a/hostname",
"HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a/hosts",
"LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a/7daa2237ec1d92b8b4b850814e9c74bef8e48efc978aed7234c979594c88d07a-json.log",
"Name": "/nginx02",
"RestartCount": 0,
"Driver": "overlay2",
"Platform": "linux",
"MountLabel": "",
"ProcessLabel": "",
"AppArmorProfile": "",
"ExecIDs": [
"4120fe6eff388f1ca32d9c09cce02c286e500ea0aca00e596ba590adfeac6ca7",
"ef7a9731d2bc08e70aef31905aba67028e8c85fa5e42ac0dc942dd9c03071cb4"
],
"HostConfig": {
"Binds": null,
"ContainerIDFile": "",
"LogConfig": {
"Type": "json-file",
"Config": {}
},
"NetworkMode": "default",
"PortBindings": {
"80/tcp": [
{
"HostIp": "",
"HostPort": "8000"
}
]
},
"RestartPolicy": {
"Name": "no",
"MaximumRetryCount": 0
},
"AutoRemove": false,
"VolumeDriver": "",
"VolumesFrom": null,
"CapAdd": null,
"CapDrop": null,
"CgroupnsMode": "host",
"Dns": [],
"DnsOptions": [],
"DnsSearch": [],
"ExtraHosts": null,
"GroupAdd": null,
"IpcMode": "private",
"Cgroup": "",
"Links": null,
"OomScoreAdj": 0,
"PidMode": "",
"Privileged": false,
"PublishAllPorts": false,
"ReadonlyRootfs": false,
"SecurityOpt": null,
"UTSMode": "",
"UsernsMode": "",
"ShmSize": 67108864,
"Runtime": "runc",
"ConsoleSize": [
0,
0
],
"Isolation": "",
"CpuShares": 0,
"Memory": 0,
"NanoCpus": 0,
"CgroupParent": "",
"BlkioWeight": 0,
"BlkioWeightDevice": [],
"BlkioDeviceReadBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteBps": null,
"BlkioDeviceReadIOps": null,
"BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": null,
"CpuPeriod": 0,
"CpuQuota": 0,
"CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
"CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
"CpusetCpus": "",
"CpusetMems": "",
"Devices": [],
"DeviceCgroupRules": null,
"DeviceRequests": null,
"KernelMemory": 0,
"KernelMemoryTCP": 0,
"MemoryReservation": 0,
"MemorySwap": 0,
"MemorySwappiness": null,
"OomKillDisable": false,
"PidsLimit": null,
"Ulimits": null,
"CpuCount": 0,
"CpuPercent": 0,
"IOMaximumIOps": 0,
"IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
"MaskedPaths": [
"/proc/asound",
"/proc/acpi",
"/proc/kcore",
"/proc/keys",
"/proc/latency_stats",
"/proc/timer_list",
"/proc/timer_stats",
"/proc/sched_debug",
"/proc/scsi",
"/sys/firmware"
],
"ReadonlyPaths": [
"/proc/bus",
"/proc/fs",
"/proc/irq",
"/proc/sys",
"/proc/sysrq-trigger"
]
},
"GraphDriver": {
"Data": {
"LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0778d818ab0406f00a7ad651d9c70f1b586642fb92d468220a4b2d66ffdeecc6-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/d58fab8d23dafafd6c7674ffac3dad8ed91b6515b413bdc128164d74482e63fd/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c7d9e2e744739c79e8ba575430ca0fb9e5cb5707309aaa3844ac4eec7800fd05/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/bc03eef418af2d95e47e4a90db360d1195c84daada7133561f80384f366287bb/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4a0f6d30a8c3e58f8b01e2b5c964a7b4a9abc90a295cc74692ffc60ec6fbe125/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/fb8c8d457fbd46f237da67fc31370d3449dd3104d872bdb888102e9c221ee44b/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/efc57b47f664f34115950ea32175fcde004bf1c1fc758c6bdc39f45ae5abe13d/diff",
"MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0778d818ab0406f00a7ad651d9c70f1b586642fb92d468220a4b2d66ffdeecc6/merged",
"UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0778d818ab0406f00a7ad651d9c70f1b586642fb92d468220a4b2d66ffdeecc6/diff",
"WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0778d818ab0406f00a7ad651d9c70f1b586642fb92d468220a4b2d66ffdeecc6/work"
},
"Name": "overlay2"
},
"Mounts": [],
"Config": {
"Hostname": "7daa2237ec1d",
"Domainname": "",
"User": "",
"AttachStdin": false,
"AttachStdout": true,
"AttachStderr": true,
"ExposedPorts": {
"80/tcp": {}
},
"Tty": false,
"OpenStdin": false,
"StdinOnce": false,
"Env": [
"PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
"NGINX_VERSION=1.21.3",
"NJS_VERSION=0.6.2",
"PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
],
"Cmd": [
"nginx",
"-g",
"daemon off;"
],
"Image": "nginx",
"Volumes": null,
"WorkingDir": "",
"Entrypoint": [
"/docker-entrypoint.sh"
],
"OnBuild": null,
"Labels": {
"maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <[email protected]>"
},
"StopSignal": "SIGQUIT"
},
"NetworkSettings": {
"Bridge": "",
"SandboxID": "de74adbe1f577f46455dac020aac4dd14c3bada9810ba35b06b710f0e0522374",
"HairpinMode": false,
"LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
"LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"Ports": {
"80/tcp": [
{
"HostIp": "0.0.0.0",
"HostPort": "8000"
},
{
"HostIp": "::",
"HostPort": "8000"
}
]
},
"SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/de74adbe1f57",
"SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
"SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
"EndpointID": "3ffd53ff1bf337358adfcf1fd9a969c8ddd212ca887d38d46c19a758dd64ea6c",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"Networks": {
"bridge": {
"IPAMConfig": null,
"Links": null,
"Aliases": null,
"NetworkID": "eec222979fd743eb8682227b74092fa21437ae7c785033443db4dcae88d93352",
"EndpointID": "3ffd53ff1bf337358adfcf1fd9a969c8ddd212ca887d38d46c19a758dd64ea6c",
"Gateway": "172.17.0.1",
"IPAddress": "172.17.0.2",
"IPPrefixLen": 16,
"IPv6Gateway": "",
"GlobalIPv6Address": "",
"GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
"MacAddress": "02:42:ac:11:00:02",
"DriverOpts": null
}
}
}
}
]
[root@bogon /]#
- 從容器內拷貝到主機上
docker cp 容器id:容器內路徑 主機目的路徑
小結
命令集合
attach Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
#當前shell下 attach連線指定執行的映象
build Build an image from a Dockerfile # 通過Dockerfile定製映象
commit Create a new image from a container's changes #提交當前容器為新的映象
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem #拷貝檔案
create Create a new container #建立一個新的容器
diff Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem #檢視docker容器的變化
events Get real time events from the server # 從服務獲取容器實時時間
exec Run a command in a running container # 在執行中的容器上執行命令 開啟一個新的終端
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive #匯出容器檔案系統作為一個tar歸檔檔案[對應import]
history Show the history of an image # 展示一個映象形成歷史
images List images #列出系統當前的映象
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image #從tar包中匯入內容建立一個檔案系統映象
info Display system-wide information # 顯示全系統資訊
inspect Return low-level information on Docker objects #檢視容器詳細資訊
kill Kill one or more running containers # kill指定docker容器
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN #從一個tar包或標準輸入中載入一個映象[對應save]
login Log in to a Docker registry # 登入遠端倉庫
logout Log out from a Docker registry # 退出遠端倉庫
logs Fetch the logs of a container # 檢視docker 日誌
pause Pause all processes within one or more containers
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
ps List containers # 列出正在執行的容器
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry # 拉取映象
push Push an image or a repository to a registry # 向遠端推映象
rename Rename a container
restart Restart one or more containers # 容器重啟
rm Remove one or more containers # 刪除容器
rmi Remove one or more images # 刪除容器
run Run a command in a new container # 啟動一個容器
save Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
search Search the Docker Hub for images # 搜尋一個映象
start Start one or more stopped containers # 啟動docker
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics # 映象或docker 狀態
stop Stop one or more running containers # 停止容器/停止docker
tag Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE # 映象tag版本
top Display the running processes of a container# 檢視一個容器的程序資訊
unpause Unpause all processes within one or more containers
update Update configuration of one or more containers
version Show the Docker version information # docker 版本
wait Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes
其它
宿主機埠 和 容器內部埠 以及埠暴露：
容器內nginx啟動後對外暴露埠號為80，宿主機通過-p命令將3344埠與容器的80埠對映
命令：
docker run -p 3344:80 映象名 # -p小寫為指定埠號的對映
-P # 大寫-P為宿主機任意埠號與容器暴露的埠號對映