1. 程式人生 > 其它 >shell程式設計——if語句 if -z -n -f -eq -ne -lt

shell程式設計——if語句 if -z -n -f -eq -ne -lt

轉載於:https://loongembedded.blog.csdn.net/article/details/52678998 感謝作者。

shell程式設計——if語句 if -z -n -f -eq -ne -lt

2016-09-27 11:08:561174收藏2 分類專欄:shell程式設計 shell程式設計專欄收錄該內容 8 篇文章0 訂閱 訂閱專欄

更多shell相關文章,點選這裡 --->http://www.dutycode.com/tag/shell

shell程式設計中條件表示式的使用

if條件
then
Command
else
Command
fi別忘了這個結尾
If語句忘了結尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error:unexpected end of fi



if 的三種條件表示式

if
command
then

if
函式
then
命令執行成功,等於返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r]
then
表示式結果為真,則返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then
表示式結果為假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then



[ ] &&——快捷if

[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
&& 可以理解為then
如果左邊的表示式為真則執行右邊的語句



shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別

shell if c語言if
0為真,走then 正好相反,非0走then
不支援整數變數直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支援字串變數直接if
if [ str ] 如果字串非0
支援變數直接if
if (i )



=================================以command作為if 條件===================================

以多條command或者函式作為if 條件

echo –n “input:”
read user

if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當於“and”(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user
then上邊的指令都執行成功,返回值$?為0,0為真,執行then
echo "$user has logged"
else指令執行失敗,$?為1,執行else
echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macgpts/0May 15 15:55.2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged

# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged



以函式作為if條件(函式就相當於command,函式的優點是其return值可以自定義)

if
以函式作為if條件,
getyn
then函式reture值0為真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else函式return值非0為假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi



if command等價於 command+if $?

$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found
$ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found



========================================以條件表示式作為 if條件=============================

傳統if 從句子——以條件表示式作為 if條件
if [ 條件表示式 ]
then
command
command
command
else
command
command
fi

條件表示式

  • 檔案表示式

if [ -ffile ]如果檔案存在
if [ -d ...]如果目錄存在
if [ -s file]如果檔案存在且非空
if [ -r file]如果檔案存在且可讀
if [ -w file] 如果檔案存在且可寫
if [ -x file] 如果檔案存在且可執行

  • 整數變量表達式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ]如果int1等於int2
if [ int1 -ne int2 ]如果不等於
if [ int1 -ge int2 ]如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ]如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ]如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ]如果<

  • 字串變量表達式

If[ $a = $b ]如果string1等於string2
字串允許使用賦值號做等號
if[ $string1 !=$string2 ]如果string1不等於string2
if[ -n $string]如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
if[ -z $string]如果string 為空
if[ $sting ]如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n類似)


條件表示式引用變數要帶$

if [ a = b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal(等於表示式沒比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,自然a!=b)

改正:

if [ $a = $b ] ;then
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal



-eq-ne-lt-nt只能用於整數,不適用於字串,字串等於用賦值號=

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if[ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
期望整數形式,即-eq不支援字串




=放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 裡就是字串等於,shell裡面沒有==的,那是c語言的等於


無空格的字串,可以加" ",也可以不加

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123



= 作為等於時,其兩邊都必須加空格,否則失效
等號也是操作符,必須和其他變數,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號做賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [$var="yes"]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [$var = "yes"]在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
n
input is correct
輸錯了也走then,都走then,為什麼?
因為if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變數,而此變數為空,返回1,則走else
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
no
input error
一切正常



If[$ANS]等價於if [ -n $ANS ]
如果字串變數非空(then) , 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:回車

empth說明“回車”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty



整數條件表示式,大於,小於,shell裡沒有> 和< ,會被當作尖括號,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"
read a
if[ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit



整數操作符號-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 別忘了加-

iftest $age100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
iftest $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit



============================邏輯表示式=========================================

邏輯非 !條件表示式的相反
if [ ! 表示式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]如果不存在目錄$num


邏輯與 –a條件表示式的並列
if [ 表示式1–a表示式2 ]


邏輯或 -o條件表示式的或
if [ 表示式1–o 表示式2 ]


邏輯表示式

  • 表示式與前面的=!= -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
  • 邏輯符號就正常的接其他表示式,沒有任何括號( ),就是並列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

  • 注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字串或檔案的運算子號搞混了



最常見的賦值形式,賦值前對=兩邊的變數都進行評測
左邊測變數是否為空,右邊測目錄(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]如果變數$JHHOME為空,且$HOME/$num目錄存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num則賦值
fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is

目錄-d $HOME/$num不存在,所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:
ppp
input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp



一個-o的例子,其中卻揭示了”=”必須兩邊留空格的問題

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [$ANS="Yes"-o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
n
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
為什麼輸入不是yes,結果仍是y(走then)
因為=被連讀了,成了變數$ANS="Yes",而變數又為空,所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"
read ANSecho "input your choice:"
read ANS

if [$ANS = "Yes"-o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
n
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y



===================以test 條件表示式 作為if條件===================================

if test $num -eq 0等價於if [ $num –eq 0 ]

test表示式,沒有 []
if test $num -eq 0
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi

man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)User Commands[(1)

SYNOPSIS
test EXPRESSION
[ EXPRESSION ]


[-n] STRING
the length of STRING is nonzero-n和直接$str都是非0條件

-z STRING
the length of STRING is zero

STRING1 = STRING2
the strings are equal

STRING1 != STRING2
the strings are not equal

INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

FILE1 -nt FILE2
FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

FILE1 -ot FILE2
FILE1 is older than FILE2

-b FILE
FILE exists and is block special

-c FILE
FILE exists and is character special

-d FILE
FILE exists and is a directory

-e FILE
FILE exists檔案存在

-f FILE
FILE exists and is a regular file檔案存在且是普通檔案

-h FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

-L FILE
FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

-G FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

-O FILE
FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

-p FILE
FILE exists and is a named pipe


-s FILE
FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

-S FILE
FILE exists and is a socket

-w FILE
FILE exists and is writable

-x FILE
FILE exists and is executable



======================if簡化語句=================================

最常用的簡化if語句

&& 如果是“前面”,則“後面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid檢查 檔案是否存在,如果存在就刪掉
||如果不是“前面”,則後面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0檢驗檔案是否存在,如果存在就退出


用簡化 if 和$1,$2,$3來檢測引數,不合理就呼叫help
[ -z "$1" ] && help如果第一個引數不存在(-z字串長度為0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help如果第一個引數是-h,就顯示help


例子
#!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1