走進Spring Boot原始碼學習之路和淺談入門
Spring Boot淺聊入門
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Spring Boot官網地址:https://spring.io/projects/spring-boot/
Spring Boot可以輕鬆建立獨立的、基於Spring的產品級應用程式“直接執行”。
作為筆者見解,Spring Boot 不算是一個全新的框架,Spring Boot 底層還是大量依賴於Spring Framework,而Spring Framework很早以前版本就已提供基於註解、Java Config而不僅是XML配置程式設計;Spring Boot採用約定大於配置方式替代xml配置,是Spring Framework一個大升級版本,整合很多自動裝配元件,讓開發者開箱即用,接下來我們一起來聊聊Spring Boot三個重要的特性和starter開發簡易剖析
Spring Boot原始碼編譯
使用最新Releases版本v2.5.3
目前Spring boot和Spring Framework專案都是使用Gradle自動化構建工具,編譯直接檢視專案根目錄下README.adoc檔案即可,有時網路不好可以多次編譯重試
零配置
Spring Web MVC簡述
Spring Web Mvc官網地址 https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/reference/html/web.html
Spring Web MVC是基於Servlet API的原始Web框架,從一開始就包含在Spring框架中。“Spring Web MVC”的正式名稱來自其源模組的名稱(Spring -webmvc),但它通常被稱為“Spring MVC”
零配置實現
Spring Web MVC官網開篇最前面第一章第一小節也即是1.1 DispatcherServlet中就重點引用一下這六句程式碼實現原來我們Spring MVC 工程web.xml裡面配置功能,僅通過下面這一小段程式碼就初始化了Spring根容器和Web子容器,這種方式也是官方推薦使用的
public class MyWebApplicationInitializer implements WebApplicationInitializer { @Override public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) { // Load Spring web application configuration AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext(); context.register(AppConfig.class); // Create and register the DispatcherServlet DispatcherServlet servlet = new DispatcherServlet(context); ServletRegistration.Dynamic registration = servletContext.addServlet("app", servlet); registration.setLoadOnStartup(1); registration.addMapping("/app/*"); } }
而我們非常熟悉的Spring Web Mvc工程web.xml配置示例註冊和初始化DispatcherServlet:
<web-app>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/app-context.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>app</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value></param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>app</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/app/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
父子容器
個人猜測Spring Boot基於內嵌容器特性會漸漸淡化父子容器的概念,最終只是一個大容器
內嵌容器
概述
Spring Boot 內嵌像Tomcat、Jetty、Undertow等實現Servlet規範的容器,如果有研究過Tomcat這隻三腳貓logo中介軟體(後續有時間我們再分享一下Tomcat原始碼和原理)也知道Tomcat也是一個用Java語言編寫的強大中介軟體,在Spring Boot通過New Tomcat方式來配置和啟動web容器。
Spring Framework原始碼編譯
使用最新Release版本v5.2.16.RELEASE
同樣找到專案根目錄下README.md,從githubSpring Framework原始碼 wiki找到編譯原始碼說明
實現
根據Servlet從3.0版本之後的規範,所有實現Servlet規範的Web容器都會掃描jar包下面META-INF/services下的檔案,在Spring Web子專案中利用Java 的SPI機制(SPI是一種擴充套件機制,很多框架底層都使用或甚至重新實現自己的SPI機制,比如像Spring和Dubbo都實現自己的SPI,以後我們再找時間來討論,暫且到這裡),在根目錄下META-INF/services建立一個檔名javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer,檔案內容是實現類的org.springframework.web.SpringServletContainerInitializer全類名
SpringServletContainerInitializer實現類針對通過@HandlesTypes感興趣註解, 將所有實現WebApplicationInitializer的實現類放到一個Set集合中,然後再逐個呼叫其onStartup()方法,所以這裡我們接上了1.1章節官網MyWebApplicationInitializer實現WebApplicationInitializer介面這一部分
@HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
@Override
public void onStartup(@Nullable Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext)
throws ServletException {
List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = Collections.emptyList();
if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {
initializers = new ArrayList<>(webAppInitializerClasses.size());
for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {
// Be defensive: Some servlet containers provide us with invalid classes,
// no matter what @HandlesTypes says...
if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) &&
WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) {
try {
initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)
ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);
}
}
}
}
if (initializers.isEmpty()) {
servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath");
return;
}
servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath");
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers);
for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) {
initializer.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}
}
接下來我們再來看看Web容器如Tomcat是如何在Spring Boot中執行的,首先我們先得知道SpringBoot啟動過程,我們知道Spring Boot 應用程式都是從SpringApplication.run開始的,而run方法則始於SpringApplication類,返回ApplicationContext介面的子介面ConfigurableApplicationContext,通過refreshContext方法呼叫Spring Framework最大名鼎鼎的refresh方法初始化Spring容器,而refresh方法中的onRefresh是留給子類擴充套件使用的,而也是在這裡開始初始化Web容器的
找到其實現類ServletWebServerApplicationContext,在這裡createWebServer開始建立WebServer,
這裡會根據我們我們pom檔案starter依賴來決定建立Tomcat、Undertow、Jetty,Undertow在併發下效能明顯優化另外Tomcat和Jetty,建議優先使用Undertow,但這裡由於大家對於Tomcat印象比較深刻,所以我們示例還是以Tomcat為主
Spring Boot內嵌容器預設為Tomcat,想要換成Undertow也是非常容易的,只需修改spring-boot-starter-web依賴,移除tomcat的依賴:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
新增undertow依賴:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-undertow</artifactId>
</dependency>
server:
port: 8084
http2:
enabled: true
undertow:
io-threads: 16
worker-threads: 256
buffer-size: 1024
buffers-per-region: 1024
direct-buffers: true
至此,這裡我們通過ServletWebServerFactory的實現類TomcatServletWebServerFactory的getWebServer方法找到new Tomcat的原始碼
@Override
public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
if (this.disableMBeanRegistry) {
Registry.disableRegistry();
}
Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
connector.setThrowOnFailure(true);
tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
customizeConnector(connector);
tomcat.setConnector(connector);
tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
}
prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
}
自動裝配
@SpringBootApplication註解
我們知道所有運用Spring Boot應用程式在根目錄的主類上都標有一個@SpringBootApplication的註解,這個就是SpringBoot自動裝配實現的入口,我們接下來一步步的來分析,首先@SpringBootApplication在org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication中,Spring Boot的自動裝配也都是在org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure專案裡實現的
而我們經常看到spring-boot-starter-xxx這種裡面主要是定義了依賴包裝成一個個啟動器,實際實現還是在spring-boot-autoconfigure中,這些都是Spring Boot官方幫我們整合實現並提供開箱即可工具,此外還有一些第三方整合提供以xxx開頭的xxx-spring-boot-starter比如阿里巴巴的druid-spring-boot-starter和苞米豆mybatis-plus-boot-starter等
在@SpringBootApplication註解裡主要有下面這三個註解
-
@SpringBootConfiguration(繼承了Configuration,表示當前是註解類)
-
@ComponentScan (包含掃描和排除掃描元件配置)
-
@EnableAutoConfiguration (在這裡開啟Spring Boot的自動配置註解功能)
- @AutoConfigurationPackage
- @Import(AutoConfigurationImportSelector.class)
核心之核心的地方就是藉助@import匯入AutoConfigurationImportSelector,這個是Spring中ImportSelector介面的實現類,ImportSelect介面是org.springframework.context裡的內容,在Spring Framework 3.1版本之後就有,後續我們有時間討論Spring Framework 的時候再來詳說
重要的方法也即是這個getCandidateConfigurations,呼叫loadFactoryNames,而loadFactoryNames呼叫loadSpringFactories方法,classLoader.getResources這裡就是謎底揭開的時候,通過JDK classLoader載入FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION(META-INF/spring.factories)檔案內容
protected List<String> getCandidateConfigurations(AnnotationMetadata metadata, AnnotationAttributes attributes) {
List<String> configurations = SpringFactoriesLoader.loadFactoryNames(getSpringFactoriesLoaderFactoryClass(),
getBeanClassLoader());
Assert.notEmpty(configurations, "No auto configuration classes found in META-INF/spring.factories. If you "
+ "are using a custom packaging, make sure that file is correct.");
return configurations;
}
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryType, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
ClassLoader classLoaderToUse = classLoader;
if (classLoaderToUse == null) {
classLoaderToUse = SpringFactoriesLoader.class.getClassLoader();
}
String factoryTypeName = factoryType.getName();
return loadSpringFactories(classLoaderToUse).getOrDefault(factoryTypeName, Collections.emptyList());
}
private static Map<String, List<String>> loadSpringFactories(ClassLoader classLoader) {
Map<String, List<String>> result = cache.get(classLoader);
if (result != null) {
return result;
}
result = new HashMap<>();
try {
Enumeration<URL> urls = classLoader.getResources(FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION);
while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
URL url = urls.nextElement();
UrlResource resource = new UrlResource(url);
Properties properties = PropertiesLoaderUtils.loadProperties(resource);
for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : properties.entrySet()) {
String factoryTypeName = ((String) entry.getKey()).trim();
String[] factoryImplementationNames =
StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray((String) entry.getValue());
for (String factoryImplementationName : factoryImplementationNames) {
result.computeIfAbsent(factoryTypeName, key -> new ArrayList<>())
.add(factoryImplementationName.trim());
}
}
}
// Replace all lists with unmodifiable lists containing unique elements
result.replaceAll((factoryType, implementations) -> implementations.stream().distinct()
.collect(Collectors.collectingAndThen(Collectors.toList(), Collections::unmodifiableList)));
cache.put(classLoader, result);
}
catch (IOException ex) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unable to load factories from location [" +
FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION + "]", ex);
}
return result;
}
通過spring-boot-autoconfigure的resource目錄下META-INF目錄找到spring.factories檔案後我們可以看到這裡面就是Spring SPI機制實現,在此定義一個規範的路徑和檔名,檔案內容放置了一個個Spring Boot提供自動裝配的元件,而後面我們可想而知Spring Boot底層肯定還是利用反射機制將這些類放到Spring容器中管理,我們就可以通過Spring Boot通用三板斧使用步驟,第一步加座標依賴starter,第二步啟動類中開啟使用註解,第三步配置配置檔案引數後輕鬆使用工具類的功能
Starter開發簡易剖析
步驟
- 建立autoconfigure工程
- 開發自動配置的實現類
- xxxProperties.class 提供引數配置實現類,比如redis的host、url等,我們也可以從這裡找到所有配置引數資訊
- xxxConnectionConfiguration.class,由@Import註解匯入依賴類
- xxxAutoConfiguration實現類,然後通過Java Config和@Bean註解方式將Java Bean註冊到Spring容器裡,後續使用則直接從Spring容器中拿即可
- 專案根目錄resource建立META-INF資料夾,下面建立spring.factories檔案,將自動配置類的全類名方放在org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration裡
- 開發自動配置的實現類
- 建立spring-boot-starter-xxx工程,管理依賴,如下Redis Starter gradle配置
RedisAutoConfiguration分析
RedisAutoConfiguration實現
@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@ConditionalOnClass(RedisOperations.class)
@EnableConfigurationProperties(RedisProperties.class)
@Import({ LettuceConnectionConfiguration.class, JedisConnectionConfiguration.class })
public class RedisAutoConfiguration {
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(name = "redisTemplate")
@ConditionalOnSingleCandidate(RedisConnectionFactory.class)
public RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory) {
RedisTemplate<Object, Object> template = new RedisTemplate<>();
template.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);
return template;
}
@Bean
@ConditionalOnMissingBean
@ConditionalOnSingleCandidate(RedisConnectionFactory.class)
public StringRedisTemplate stringRedisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory) {
StringRedisTemplate template = new StringRedisTemplate();
template.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);
return template;
}
}
Redis Starter依賴
plugins {
id "org.springframework.boot.starter"
}
description = "Starter for using Redis key-value data store with Spring Data Redis and the Lettuce client"
dependencies {
api(project(":spring-boot-project:spring-boot-starters:spring-boot-starter"))
api("org.springframework.data:spring-data-redis")
api("io.lettuce:lettuce-core")
}