MySQL5.6提供了對SQL的跟蹤trace, 通過trace檔案能夠進一步瞭解為什麼優化器選擇A計劃, 而不是選擇B計劃。

開啟trace ， 設定格式為 JSON，並設定trace最大能夠使用的記憶體大小，避免解析過程中因為預設記憶體過小而不能夠完整展示。

SET optimizer_trace="enabled=on",end_markers_in_json=on;
set optimizer_trace_max_mem_size=1000000;

執行SQL語句 ：

select * from tb_item where id < 4;

最後， 檢查information_schema.optimizer_trace就可以知道MySQL是如何執行SQL的 ：

select * from information_schema.optimizer_trace\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
QUERY: select * from tb_item where id < 4
TRACE: {
  "steps": [
    {
      "join_preparation": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select `tb_item`.`id` AS `id`,`tb_item`.`title` AS `title`,`tb_item`.`price` AS `price`,`tb_item`.`num` AS `num`,`tb_item`.`categoryid` AS `categoryid`,`tb_item`.`status` AS `status`,`tb_item`.`sellerid` AS `sellerid`,`tb_item`.`createtime` AS `createtime`,`tb_item`.`updatetime` AS `updatetime` from `tb_item` where (`tb_item`.`id` < 4)"
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_preparation */
    },
    {
      "join_optimization": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
          {
            "condition_processing": {
              "condition": "WHERE",
              "original_condition": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)",
              "steps": [
                {
                  "transformation": "equality_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "constant_propagation",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)"
                },
                {
                  "transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",
                  "resulting_condition": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)"
                }
              ] /* steps */
            } /* condition_processing */
          },
          {
            "table_dependencies": [
              {
                "table": "`tb_item`",
                "row_may_be_null": false,
                "map_bit": 0,
                "depends_on_map_bits": [
                ] /* depends_on_map_bits */
              }
            ] /* table_dependencies */
          },
          {
            "ref_optimizer_key_uses": [
            ] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */
          },
          {
            "rows_estimation": [
              {
                "table": "`tb_item`",
                "range_analysis": {
                  "table_scan": {
                    "rows": 9816098,
                    "cost": 2.04e6
                  } /* table_scan */,
                  "potential_range_indices": [
                    {
                      "index": "PRIMARY",
                      "usable": true,
                      "key_parts": [
                        "id"
                      ] /* key_parts */
                    }
                  ] /* potential_range_indices */,
                  "setup_range_conditions": [
                  ] /* setup_range_conditions */,
                  "group_index_range": {
                    "chosen": false,
                    "cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"
                  } /* group_index_range */,
                  "analyzing_range_alternatives": {
                    "range_scan_alternatives": [
                      {
                        "index": "PRIMARY",
                        "ranges": [
                          "id < 4"
                        ] /* ranges */,
                        "index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,
                        "rowid_ordered": true,
                        "using_mrr": false,
                        "index_only": false,
                        "rows": 3,
                        "cost": 1.6154,
                        "chosen": true
                      }
                    ] /* range_scan_alternatives */,
                    "analyzing_roworder_intersect": {
                      "usable": false,
                      "cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"
                    } /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */
                  } /* analyzing_range_alternatives */,
                  "chosen_range_access_summary": {
                    "range_access_plan": {
                      "type": "range_scan",
                      "index": "PRIMARY",
                      "rows": 3,
                      "ranges": [
                        "id < 4"
                      ] /* ranges */
                    } /* range_access_plan */,
                    "rows_for_plan": 3,
                    "cost_for_plan": 1.6154,
                    "chosen": true
                  } /* chosen_range_access_summary */
                } /* range_analysis */
              }
            ] /* rows_estimation */
          },
          {
            "considered_execution_plans": [
              {
                "plan_prefix": [
                ] /* plan_prefix */,
                "table": "`tb_item`",
                "best_access_path": {
                  "considered_access_paths": [
                    {
                      "access_type": "range",
                      "rows": 3,
                      "cost": 2.2154,
                      "chosen": true
                    }
                  ] /* considered_access_paths */
                } /* best_access_path */,
                "cost_for_plan": 2.2154,
                "rows_for_plan": 3,
                "chosen": true
              }
            ] /* considered_execution_plans */
          },
          {
            "attaching_conditions_to_tables": {
              "original_condition": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)",
              "attached_conditions_computation": [
              ] /* attached_conditions_computation */,
              "attached_conditions_summary": [
                {
                  "table": "`tb_item`",
                  "attached": "(`tb_item`.`id` < 4)"
                }
              ] /* attached_conditions_summary */
            } /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */
          },
          {
            "refine_plan": [
              {
                "table": "`tb_item`",
                "access_type": "range"
              }
            ] /* refine_plan */
          }
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_optimization */
    },
    {
      "join_execution": {
        "select#": 1,
        "steps": [
        ] /* steps */
      } /* join_execution */
    }
  ] /* steps */
}