Protocol Buffers 是谷歌開源的序列化與反序列化框架。它與語言無關、平臺無關、具有可擴充套件的機制。用於序列化結構化資料，此工具對標 XML ，支援自動編碼，解碼。比 XML 效能好，且資料易於解析。更多有關工具的介紹可參考官網。

Protocol Buffers官網：https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers

Protocol Buffers 為跨平臺設計，以 Python 為例，使用者配置 .proto 檔案，利用 Protocol Buffers 工具即可生成 Python 程式碼，此程式碼就是使用者想要的資料結構。

如果程式語言換成了 Java ，使用者可使用相同的 .proto 檔案，利用 Protocol Buffers 工具生成 Java 程式碼，此程式碼可被 Java 進行解析。

這麼做的好處是可以跨語言交流，試想 Java 與 Python 間的資料通訊，只需要利用 .proto 確定格式，就可隨心程式設計，這個過程愜意無比。基於 Protocol Buffers 的測試也無比舒服。

你可選擇自己的語言進行測試，比如 Python 。由於資料格式基於 .proto 配置檔案，獲取到這個檔案即可生成資料類，比如下述 .proto 內容通過 protoc --python_out=./ ./addressbook.proto 命令即可生成 addressbook_pb2.py 檔案：

syntax = "proto2";

package tutorial;

message Person {
  optional string name = 1;
  optional int32 id = 2;
  optional string email = 3;

  enum PhoneType {
    MOBILE = 0;
    HOME = 1;
    WORK = 2;
  }

  message PhoneNumber {
    optional string number = 1;
    optional PhoneType type = 2 [default = HOME];
  }

  repeated PhoneNumber phones = 4;
}

message AddressBook {
  repeated Person people = 1;
}

 

測試人員的程式碼只需匯入 addressbook_pb2 ，對其初始化後即可使用，比如對 Person 的欄位加入一些測試值：

import addressbook_pb2
person = addressbook_pb2.Person()
person.id = 1234
person.name = "John Doe"
person.email = "[email protected]"
phone = person.phones.add()
phone.number = "555-4321"
phone.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.HOME

最後，將 person 序列化後即可傳輸到被測物件。如果你的業務採用檔案進行資料傳輸，可參考官方寫檔案的例子（採用 python2 ）：

#! /usr/bin/python

import addressbook_pb2
import sys

# This function fills in a Person message based on user input.
def PromptForAddress(person):
  person.id = int(raw_input("Enter person ID number: "))
  person.name = raw_input("Enter name: ")

  email = raw_input("Enter email address (blank for none): ")
  if email != "":
    person.email = email

  while True:
    number = raw_input("Enter a phone number (or leave blank to finish): ")
    if number == "":
      break

    phone_number = person.phones.add()
    phone_number.number = number

    type = raw_input("Is this a mobile, home, or work phone? ")
    if type == "mobile":
      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.MOBILE
    elif type == "home":
      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.HOME
    elif type == "work":
      phone_number.type = addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.WORK
    else:
      print "Unknown phone type; leaving as default value."

# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file,
#   adds one person based on user input, then writes it back out to the same
#   file.
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"
  sys.exit(-1)

address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()

# Read the existing address book.
try:
  f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")
  address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())
  f.close()
except IOError:
  print sys.argv[1] + ": Could not open file.  Creating a new one."

# Add an address.
PromptForAddress(address_book.people.add())

# Write the new address book back to disk.
f = open(sys.argv[1], "wb")
f.write(address_book.SerializeToString())
f.close()

也可從被測物件傳來的檔案中讀資料：

#! /usr/bin/python

import addressbook_pb2
import sys

# Iterates though all people in the AddressBook and prints info about them.
def ListPeople(address_book):
  for person in address_book.people:
    print "Person ID:", person.id
    print "  Name:", person.name
    if person.HasField('email'):
      print "  E-mail address:", person.email

    for phone_number in person.phones:
      if phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.MOBILE:
        print "  Mobile phone #: ",
      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.HOME:
        print "  Home phone #: ",
      elif phone_number.type == addressbook_pb2.Person.PhoneType.WORK:
        print "  Work phone #: ",
      print phone_number.number

# Main procedure:  Reads the entire address book from a file and prints all
#   the information inside.
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
  print "Usage:", sys.argv[0], "ADDRESS_BOOK_FILE"
  sys.exit(-1)

address_book = addressbook_pb2.AddressBook()

# Read the existing address book.
f = open(sys.argv[1], "rb")
address_book.ParseFromString(f.read())
f.close()

ListPeople(address_book)

如果資料通過 https 傳輸，可採用 requests ，其它傳輸方式同理，請自行查閱資料傳輸工具。如果測試人員程式碼與被測物件建立了聯絡，即可收發測試資料，測試人員對接收到的資料編寫測試用例即可。

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