原始碼剖析:探究 Repeat 中 GCD 的應用
這是小專欄《徹底搞定 GCD?併發程式設計》的一篇副產品文章
簡介
Repeat 是 Daniele 開發的一個基於 GCD - Grand Central Dispatch 的輕量定時器,可用於替代 NSTimer
,解決其多項不足。
特性
Daniel 著重強調的一些特性:
- 介面簡潔明瞭不冗餘
- 避免強引用,解決潛在的記憶體洩露問題
- 支援註冊多個觀察者物件監聽定時器
- 支援暫停、開始、恢復、重置等操作
- 支援設定多種重複模式
- infinite:無限定時重複
- finite:有限次定時重複
- once:單次定時執行
針對以上特性,我們接下來閱讀原始碼時可以著重看看 Daniel 是怎樣實現的。
另外,這個庫還擴充套件提供了兩個有趣的特性:
- Debouncer: 防抖動,避免方法呼叫過於密集,總是執行每隔一定時間段內最後一個呼叫。
- Throttler: 節流閥,確保每隔一定時間段內僅執行一次,並忽略其他呼叫。
這兩個特性對於用過 RxSwift
的開發者肯定不陌生,有了定時器,實現這兩者也是順理成章。
介面的設計、使用與實現
首先,從介面的設計來看看其是否「簡潔明瞭」、「不冗餘」,再逐步深入其內部實現。
定時器
注意:
Repeater
被設計成和其他許多物件一樣,需要被持有來避免被釋放。
建立單次定時器
- 介面設計與呼叫
// 建立單次執行定時器
log("當時只道是尋常")
self .timer = Repeater.once(after: .seconds(5)) { timer in
// 5s 後執行
log("歲月如歌,簡單愛一次")
}
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輸出:
2019-10-14 15:12:04 +0000: 當時只道是尋常
2019-10-14 15:12:09 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
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- 單元測試設計
func test_timer_once() {
let exp = expectation(description: "test_once")
let timer = Repeater.once(after: .seconds(5)) { _ in
exp.fulfill()
}
print("Allocated timer \(timer)")
wait(for: [exp],timeout: 6)
}
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建立有限次重複的定時器
- 介面設計與呼叫
log("當時只道是尋常")
self.timer = Repeater.every(.seconds(10),count: 5) { timer in
// 每 10s 執行 1 次,5 次後結束
log("歲月如歌,簡單愛一次")
}
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輸出:
2019-10-14 15:18:56 +0000: 當時只道是尋常
2019-10-14 15:19:06 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:19:16 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:19:26 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:19:36 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:19:46 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
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- 單元測試設計
func test_timer_finiteAndRestart() {
let exp = expectation(description: "test_finiteAndRestart")
var count: Int = 0
var finishedFirstTime: Bool = false
let timer = Repeater(interval: .seconds(0.5),mode: .finite(5)) { _ in
count += 1
print("Iteration #\(count)")
}
timer.onStateChanged = { (_,state) in
print("State changed: \(state)")
if state.isFinished {
if finishedFirstTime == false {
print("Now restart")
timer.start()
finishedFirstTime = true
} else {
exp.fulfill()
}
}
}
timer.start()
wait(for: [exp],timeout: 30)
}
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單元測試輸出:
State changed: running
State changed: executing
Iteration #1
State changed: executing
Iteration #2
State changed: executing
Iteration #3
State changed: executing
Iteration #4
State changed: executing
Iteration #5
State changed: finished
Now restart
State changed: idle/paused
State changed: running
State changed: executing
Iteration #6
State changed: executing
Iteration #7
State changed: executing
Iteration #8
State changed: executing
Iteration #9
State changed: executing
Iteration #10
State changed: finished
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可以看到,有限次的定時器在次數達到結束後,還可以繼續呼叫 start()
重新開始再次複用,而不必另外建立新例項。
建立無限重複定時器
- 介面設計與呼叫
log("當時只道是尋常")
let timer = Repeater.every(.seconds(5)) { timer in
// 每 5s 執行一次,直到 timer 生命週期結束
log("歲月如歌,簡單愛一次")
}
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輸出:
2019-10-14 15:24:05 +0000: 當時只道是尋常
2019-10-14 15:24:10 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:15 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:20 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:25 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:30 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:35 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:40 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 15:24:45 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
...
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- 單元測試設計
func test_timer_infinite() {
let exp = expectation(description: "test_once")
var count: Int = 0
let timer = Repeater.every(.seconds(0.5),{ _ in
count += 1
if count == 20 {
exp.fulfill()
}
})
print("Allocated timer \(timer)")
wait(for: [exp],timeout: 10)
}
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手動管理計時器
- 介面設計與呼叫
log("當時只道是尋常")
self.timer = Repeater(interval: .seconds(5),mode: .infinite) { _ in
// 每 5s 執行一次,直到 timer 生命週期結束
log("歲月如歌,簡單愛一次")
}
timer.start()
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輸出:
2019-10-14 23:13:46 +0000: 當時只道是尋常
2019-10-14 23:13:51 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:13:56 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:01 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:06 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:11 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:16 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:21 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
2019-10-14 23:14:26 +0000: 歲月如歌,簡單愛一次
...
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其他方法:
-
start()
: 開始一個已暫停或新建立的定時器 -
pause()
:暫停一個正在執行的定時器 -
reset(_ interval: Interval,restart: Bool)
:重置一個正在執行的定時器,更改時間間隔並重新開始 -
fire()
:額外手動呼叫一次定時器繫結事件
屬性:
-
.mode
:定時器型別模式-
infinite
:無限定時重複 -
finite
:有限次定時重複 -
once
:單次定時執行
-
-
.remainingIterations
:針對.finite
有限次重複模式結束前的剩餘迭代次數
新增或移除多個定時處理
一般而言,初始化定時器時會指定一個處理方法。除此之外, Repeat 的定時器還支援通過observe()
額外新增處理方法,並且支援通過token
再移除。
// 新增額外的處理監聽
let token = timber.observe { _ in
// 額外的新處理
log("一個鬧鐘能夠同時叫醒相愛的兩個人。")
}
timer.start()
// 移除
timer.remove(token)
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觀察定時器的狀態變化
每個定時器維護著一個狀態機,處在以下某個狀態:
-
.paused
:空閒(未被開始過)或已暫停 -
.running
:正在計時中 -
.executing
:註冊的定時處理方法正在執行 -
.finished
:計時結束
可以通過.onStateChanged
屬性新增狀態變化回撥監聽:
timer.onStateChanged = { timer,newState in
// 觀察定時器狀態變化並做相應處理
log("你永遠叫不醒一個裝睡的人")
}
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防抖動器
TBD
節流閥
TBD
原始碼探究
接下來,進一步看看以上的介面都是如何實現的吧。
檔案目錄結構
.
├── CHANGELOG.md
├── Configs
│ ├── Repeat.plist
│ └── RepeatTests.plist
├── LICENSE
├── Package.swift
├── README.md
├── Repeat.podspec
├── Repeat.xcodeproj
├── Sources
│ └── Repeat
│ ├── Debouncer.swift
│ ├── Repeater.swift
│ └── Throttler.swift
└── Tests
├── LinuxMain.swift
└── RepeatTests
└── RepeatTests.swift
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主要檔案:
- Sources/Repeat/Repeater.swift: 核心定時器實現
- Sources/Repeat/Debouncer.swift: 擴充套件「防抖動器」實現
- Sources/Repeat/Throttler.swift: 擴充套件「節流閥」實現
- Tests/RepeatTests/RepeatTests.swift: 單元測試
類圖與方法概覽
工廠類方法實現以及與 Timer
的異同
在介面設計與使用中可以看到,Repeater 提供了便捷工廠類方法,並且生成的定時器都會「自動開始」,與 Timer
的工廠類方法相似:
/// Alternative API for timer creation with a block.
/// - Experiment: This is a draft API currently under consideration for official import into Foundation as a suitable alternative to creation via selector
/// - Note: Since this API is under consideration it may be either removed or revised in the near future
/// - Warning: Capturing the timer or the owner of the timer inside of the block may cause retain cycles. Use with caution
open class func scheduledTimer(withTimeInterval interval: TimeInterval,repeats: Bool,block: @escaping (Timer) -> Void) -> Timer {
let timer = Timer(fire: Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: interval),interval: interval,repeats: repeats,block: block)
CFRunLoopAddTimer(CFRunLoopGetCurrent(),timer._timer!,kCFRunLoopDefaultMode)
return timer
}
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?Tips & Declaration: Timer.swift,註釋中有特別提醒注意迴圈引用的問題。
對比一下 Repeater
的類工廠方法實現:
/// Create and schedule a timer that will call `handler` once after the specified time.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - interval: interval delay for single fire
/// - queue: destination queue,if `nil` a new `DispatchQueue` is created automatically.
/// - observer: handler to call when timer fires.
/// - Returns: timer instance
@discardableResult
public class func once(after interval: Interval,tolerance: DispatchTimeInterval = .nanoseconds(0),queue: DispatchQueue? = nil,_ observer: @escaping Observer) -> Repeater {
let timer = Repeater(interval: interval,mode: .once,tolerance: tolerance,queue: queue,observer: observer)
timer.start()
return timer
}
/// Create and schedule a timer that will fire every interval optionally by limiting the number of fires.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - interval: interval of fire
/// - count: a non `nil` and > 0 value to limit the number of fire,`nil` to set it as infinite.
/// - queue: destination queue,if `nil` a new `DispatchQueue` is created automatically.
/// - handler: handler to call on fire
/// - Returns: timer
@discardableResult
public class func every(_ interval: Interval,count: Int? = nil,_ handler: @escaping Observer) -> Repeater {
let mode: Mode = (count != nil ? .finite(count!) : .infinite)
let timer = Repeater(interval: interval,mode: mode,observer: handler)
timer.start()
return timer
}
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兩者的做法大相徑庭,都是建立一個定時器例項並「自動開始」,只是開始的方式由於內部固有的實現方式有所不同:
-
Timer
依賴RunLoop
,需要將建立定時器生成的CFRunLoopTimer
加入當前Runloop
-
Repeater
依賴 GCD 的DispatchSourceTimer
,start
內部會調DispatchSourceTimer
的 例項方法resume
初始化方法
/// Initialize a new timer.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - interval: interval of the timer
/// - mode: mode of the timer
/// - tolerance: tolerance of the timer,0 is default.
/// - queue: queue in which the timer should be executed; if `nil` a new queue is created automatically.
/// - observer: observer
public init(interval: Interval,mode: Mode = .infinite,tolerance: DispatchTimeInterval = .nanoseconds(0),queue: DispatchQueue? = nil,observer: @escaping Observer) {
self.mode = mode
self.interval = interval
self.tolerance = tolerance
self.remainingIterations = mode.countIterations
self.queue = (queue ?? DispatchQueue(label: "com.repeat.queue"))
self.timer = configureTimer()
self.observe(observer)
}
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初始化方法引數列表:
-
interval
:定時器時間間隔 -
mode
:定時器重複模式,預設為.infinite
,無限重複 -
tolerance
:容許誤差(這個最終是作為DispatchSourceTimer
的leeway
引數) -
queue
:指定定時器執行的佇列,若未指定,則自動建立預設佇列 -
observer
:定時器執行的回撥方法
建立並配置 DispatchSourceTimer
private func configureTimer() -> DispatchSourceTimer {
let associatedQueue = (queue ?? DispatchQueue(label: "com.repeat.\(NSUUID().uuidString)"))
let timer = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: associatedQueue)
let repeatInterval = interval.value
let deadline: DispatchTime = (DispatchTime.now() + repeatInterval)
if self.mode.isRepeating {
timer.schedule(deadline: deadline,repeating: repeatInterval,leeway: tolerance)
} else {
timer.schedule(deadline: deadline,leeway: tolerance)
}
timer.setEventHandler { [weak self] in
if let unwrapped = self {
unwrapped.timeFired()
}
}
return timer
}
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- 根據初始化傳入的引數,初始化並配置一個 DispatchSourceTimer
- 將 DispatchSourceTimer 的處理回撥通過
timeFired
方法處理
這一段程式碼是 Repeat 中 GCD 的應用關鍵,Repeat 的核心計時器即是 DispatchSourceTimer,進一步封裝並遮蔽部分複雜邏輯,以提供簡潔易用的介面。
計時器啟動、暫停與重置
/// Reset the state of the timer,optionally changing the fire interval.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - interval: new fire interval; pass `nil` to keep the latest interval set.
/// - restart: `true` to automatically restart the timer,`false` to keep it stopped after configuration.
public func reset(_ interval: Interval?,restart: Bool = true) {
if self.state.isRunning {
self.setPause(from: self.state)
}
// For finite counter we want to also reset the repeat count
if case .finite(let count) = self.mode {
self.remainingIterations = count
}
// Create a new instance of timer configured
if let newInterval = interval {
self.interval = newInterval
} // update interval
self.destroyTimer()
self.timer = configureTimer()
self.state = .paused
if restart {
self.timer?.resume()
self.state = .running
}
}
/// Start timer. If timer is already running it does nothing.
@discardableResult
public func start() -> Bool {
guard self.state.isRunning == false else {
return false
}
// If timer has not finished its lifetime we want simply
// restart it from the current state.
guard self.state.isFinished == true else {
self.state = .running
self.timer?.resume()
return true
}
// Otherwise we need to reset the state based upon the mode
// and start it again.
self.reset(nil,restart: true)
return true
}
/// Pause a running timer. If timer is paused it does nothing.
@discardableResult
public func pause() -> Bool {
guard state != .paused && state != .finished else {
return false
}
return self.setPause(from: self.state)
}
/// Pause a running timer optionally changing the state with regard to the current state.
///
/// - Parameters:
/// - from: the state which the timer should only be paused if it is the current state
/// - to: the new state to change to if the timer is paused
/// - Returns: `true` if timer is paused
@discardableResult
private func setPause(from currentState: State,to newState: State = .paused) -> Bool {
guard self.state == currentState else {
return false
}
self.timer?.suspend()
self.state = newState
return true
}
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-
start
方法主要是做狀態判斷並進行相應處理返回結果,其開始計時的核心是呼叫內部DispatchSourceTimer
的resume
方法 -
pause
方法類似,呼叫的是suspend
方法,並更新內部計時器狀態 -
reset
重置內部的一些計時標誌位的同時,會將內部的DispatchSourceTimer
銷燬並新建
新增或移除多個定時觀察者
/// List of the observer of the timer
private var observers = [ObserverToken: Observer]()
/// Next token of the timer
private var nextObserverID: UInt64 = 0
/// Add new a listener to the timer.
///
/// - Parameter callback: callback to call for fire events.
/// - Returns: token used to remove the handler
@discardableResult
public func observe(_ observer: @escaping Observer) -> ObserverToken {
var (new,overflow) = self.nextObserverID.addingReportingOverflow(1)
if overflow { // you need to add an incredible number of offset...sure you can't
self.nextObserverID = 0
new = 0
}
self.nextObserverID = new
self.observers[new] = observer
return new
}
/// Remove an observer of the timer.
///
/// - Parameter id: id of the observer to remove
public func remove(observer identifier: ObserverToken) {
self.observers.removeValue(forKey: identifier)
}
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- 通過字典儲存觀察者回調事件,通過 UInt64 的 ObserverToken 來進行標識
- 觀察者數量上限控制在 UInt64 的溢位範圍
定時事件觸發
/// Called when timer is fired
private func timeFired() {
self.state = .executing
if case .finite = self.mode {
self.remainingIterations! -= 1
}
// dispatch to observers
self.observers.values.forEach { $0(self) }
// manage lifetime
switch self.mode {
case .once:
// once timer's lifetime is finished after the first fire
// you can reset it by calling `reset()` function.
self.setPause(from: .executing,to: .finished)
case .finite:
// for finite intervals we decrement the left iterations count...
if self.remainingIterations! == 0 {
// ...if left count is zero we just pause the timer and stop
self.setPause(from: .executing,to: .finished)
}
case .infinite:
// infinite timer does nothing special on the state machine
break
}
}
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-
timeFired
方法被兩個地方呼叫,一個是配置DispatchSourceTimer
時設定的事件回撥,一個是對外暴露的手動觸發方法fire(andPause:)
中 - 根據計時模式更新計時器狀態,計時模式的實現核心邏輯即在於此
- 遍歷所有觀察者逐個回撥,觸發真正的計時器繫結事件
總結
致謝與參考
文中涉及原始碼大部分來自開源社群,以及部分其他文獻參考。
-
Repeat by Daniele Margutti,under The MIT License (MIT)
-
swift-corelibs-foundation Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception
-
A Background Repeating Timer in Swift by Daniel Galasko