2. 程式人生 > 其它 >QEMU模擬arm u-boot/linux【轉】

QEMU模擬arm u-boot/linux【轉】

阿新 • • 發佈：2022-05-24

轉自：https://jgsun.github.io/2018/11/30/the-summary-of-running-arm-QEMU/

概述

這篇文章是用QEMU模擬執行arm u-boot和linux的一個總結，以arm vexpres板為例，包括用QEMU單獨執行u-boot或者linux；實現QEMU執行u-boot和宿主機ubuntu網路通訊，u-boot用tftp下載方式引導linux；u-boot從SD卡或者flash引導linux。本文使用buildroot作為構建系統，極大簡化了編譯和檔案系統製作方面的工作。以buildroot自帶的configs/qemu_arm_vexpress_defconfig作為起點，增加u-boot，改rootfs為initramfs等，產生了本文所用的預設配置configs/qemu_arm_vexpress-fun_defconfig，儲存在github網站:https://github.com/jgsun/buildroot，用於製作sd卡和flash image的指令碼檔案也放到了該github網站（board/qemu/scripts目錄）。

關鍵字：windows7，virtualbox，ubuntu18.04，buildroot

使用buildroot編譯

buildroot已經有arm vexpress的default配置，開始/repo/buildroot$ make qemu_arm_vexpress_defconfig，然後在此基礎上在bootloader選擇u-boot，在toolchain選擇glibc，編譯即可，得到output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot，output/images/rootfs.ext2，output/images/zImage和output/images/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb用於QEMU啟動u-boot和linux。  

QEMU執行u-boot

jgsun@jgsun-VirtualBox:/repo/buildroot$ qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -kernel output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot -nographic
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_volume() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_mute() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument


U-Boot 2018.05 (Jul 08 2018 - 15:27:56 +0800)

DRAM: 128 MiB
WARNING: Caches not enabled
Flash: 128 MiB

QEMU執行linux

jgsun@jgsun-VirtualBox:/repo/buildroot$ cat board/qemu/arm-vexpress/readme.txt 
Run the emulation with:

  qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp 1 -m 256 -kernel output/images/zImage -dtb output/images/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb -drive file=output/images/rootfs.ext2,if=sd,format=raw -append "console=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0" -serial stdio -net nic,model=lan9118 -net user

The login prompt will appear in the terminal that started Qemu. The
graphical window is the framebuffer.

If you want to emulate more cores change "-smp 1" to "-smp 2" for
dual-core or even "smp -4" for a quad-core configuration.

Tested with QEMU 2.12.0

啟動log

jgsun@jgsun-VirtualBox:/repo/buildroot$ qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp 1 -m 256 -kernel output/images/zImage -dtb output/images/vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb -drive file=output/images/rootfs.ext2,if=sd,format=raw -append "console=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/mmcblk0" -serial stdio -net nic,model=lan9118 -net user
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_volume() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_mute() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.16.7 (jgsun@jgsun-VirtualBox) (gcc version 7.3.0 (Buildroot 2018.08-git-00596-gb99dbdfac9)) #1 SMP Sun Jul 8 15:36:11 CST 2018
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision 0 (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9

改用initramfs之後的啟動命令log

cd /repo/training/qemu/vexpress-a9
qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp 4 -m 1024 -kernel uImage -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb -append "console=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/ram0" -net nic,model=lan9118 -net user -nographic
jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/training/qemu/vexpress-a9$ qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp 4 -m 1024 -kernel uImage -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb -append "console=ttyAMA0,115200 root=/dev/ram0" -net nic,model=lan9118 -net user -nographic
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_volume() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_mute() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.16.7 (jgsun@VirtualBox) (gcc version 7.3.0 (Buildroot 2018.08-git-00596-gb99dbdfac9-dirty)) #7 SMP Thu Jul 12 18:56:46 CST 2018
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision 0 (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
...
udhcpc: started, v1.28.4
udhcpc: sending discover
udhcpc: sending select for 10.0.2.15
udhcpc: lease of 10.0.2.15 obtained, lease time 86400
deleting routers
adding dns 10.0.2.3
OK

Welcome to Buildroot
buildroot login: root

QEMU執行u-boot引導linux

網路引導tftp方式啟動Linux核心

自建網橋br0

1.建立qemu-ifup_br0、qemu-ifdown_br0指令碼

qemu-ifup_br0

cat board/qemu/scripts/qemu-ifup_br0 
#!/bin/sh
run_cmd()
{
 echo \$1
 eval \$1
}
run_cmd "sudo ifconfig"
run_cmd "sudo brctl addbr br0"
run_cmd "sudo ifconfig br0 10.0.2.16 up"
run_cmd "sudo ip route"
run_cmd "sudo ip addr del 10.0.2.16/24 dev enp0s3" # del ip on enp0s3
run_cmd "sudo ip route"
run_cmd "sudo brctl addif br0 enp0s3"
run_cmd "sudo route add default gw 10.0.2.2"
run_cmd "sudo ip route"
run_cmd "sudo tunctl -u \$(id -un) -t \$1"
run_cmd "sudo ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up"
run_cmd "sudo brctl addif br0 \$1"
run_cmd "brctl show"

qemu-ifdown_br0

cat board/qemu/scripts/qemu-ifdown_br0 
#!/bin/sh
run_cmd()
{
 echo \$1
 eval \$1
}
run_cmd "sudo brctl delif br0 enp0s3"
run_cmd "sudo ifconfig br0 down"
run_cmd "sudo brctl delbr br0"
run_cmd "sudo ifconfig enp0s3 10.0.2.16 up"
run_cmd "brctl show"
run_cmd "sudo route add default gw 10.0.2.2"
run_cmd "ip route"

qemu-ifup_br0將作為QEMU的net啟動script，建立TAP型別的介面tap0和網橋br0；新增tap0和enp0s3到br0；刪除enp0s3的ip，為br0配置ip 10.0.2.15；這樣QEMU虛擬機器u-boot和linux就能聯網：既能與宿主機ubuntu進行通訊，也能聯通外網（如ping 伺服器135.251.205.177）。

QEMU虛擬機器u-boot引導啟動的linux會自動獲取和br0相同網段的IP 10.0.2.17，並添加了default route 10.0.2.2，如下所示:

# ip addr show dev eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.2.17/24 brd 10.0.2.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip route
default via 10.0.2.2 dev eth0 
10.0.2.0/24 dev eth0 scope link src 10.0.2.17 
# ping 172.24.208.168
PING 172.24.208.168 (172.24.208.168): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.24.208.168: seq=1 ttl=121 time=3.659 ms
64 bytes from 172.24.208.168: seq=2 ttl=121 time=2.787 ms

這種配置會讓宿主機ubuntu不能聯通外網（因為其網絡卡enp0s3掛載到br0了），需要在宿主機新增default route gw 10.0.2.2之後才能聯通外網： sudo route add -net 0.0.0.0/32 gw 10.0.2.2 or sudo route add default gw 10.0.2.2

jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/work/buildroot$ ip route
default via 10.0.2.2 dev br0 
10.0.0.0/8 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.2.15 
192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1 
jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/work/buildroot$ ping 172.24.208.168
PING 172.24.208.168 (172.24.208.168) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.24.208.168: icmp_seq=1 ttl=121 time=1.63 ms
64 bytes from 172.24.208.168: icmp_seq=2 ttl=121 time=1.86 ms

如果QEMU虛擬機器只需與宿主機通訊，不需要聯通外網，可以不連線網絡卡enp0s3到網橋br0，就不影響宿主機連外網了，這時要手動將br0和QEMU虛擬機器linux的網絡卡的ip配成一個網段如192.168.2.x。 2.帶net引數啟動u-boot，tap型別，名稱為tap0，script為步驟2建立的qemu-ifup_br0

jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/buildroot$ sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 1024 -kernel output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot -nographic -net nic,model=lan9118 -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=board/qemu/arm-vexpress/qemu-ifup_br0
[sudo] password for jgsun: 
sudo tunctl -u root -t tap0
TUNSETIFF: Device or resource busy
sudo ifconfig tap0 0.0.0.0 promisc up
sudo brctl addif br0 tap0
brctl show
bridge name	bridge id	STP enabled	interfaces
br0	8000.080027f6cde5	no	enp0s3
       tap0
       vnet0
virbr0	8000.5254005634be	yes	virbr0-nic
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_volume() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument
pulseaudio: set_sink_input_mute() failed
pulseaudio: Reason: Invalid argument


U-Boot 2018.05 (Jul 08 2018 - 15:27:56 +0800)

DRAM: 128 MiB
WARNING: Caches not enabled
Flash: 128 MiB
MMC: MMC: 0
*** Warning - bad CRC, using default environment

In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Net: smc911x-0
Hit any key to stop autoboot: 0 
=>

3.設定環境變數ipaddr為10.0.2.222，serverip為10.0.2.15（ubuntu br0的ip），並ping通serverip

=> setenv ipaddr 10.0.2.222
=> setenv serverip 10.0.2.15
=> ping 10.0.2.15
smc911x: MAC 52:54:00:12:34:56
smc911x: detected LAN9118 controller
smc911x: phy initialized
smc911x: MAC 52:54:00:12:34:56
Using smc911x-0 device
smc911x: MAC 52:54:00:12:34:56
host 10.0.2.15 is alive

4.buildroot設定編譯 kernel裡面選擇kernel/Kernel binary format為uImage；load address為0x60003000；  Filesystem images裡面選擇initramfs： 

編譯得到image：uImage和vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb拷貝到ubuntu的tftp server目錄/var/lib/tftpboot 5.在u-boot命令列修改/設定u-boot環境變數bootargs，並用tftp命令下載uImage和vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb；然後用bootm命令啟動linux 注：修改u-boot原始碼include/configs/vexpress_common.h，可以實現讓u-boot自動啟動linux #define CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND "tftp 0x60003000 uImage; setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/mmcblk0 console=ttyAMA0';bootm 0x60003000"

setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/ram0 console=ttyAMA0'
tftp 0x60003000 uImage
tftp 0x60900000 vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb
bootm 0x60003000 - 60900000

linux啟動介面：

=> bootm 0x60003000 - 60900000
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 60003000 ...
   Image Name: Linux-4.16.7
   Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
   Data Size: 6844432 Bytes = 6.5 MiB
   Load Address: 60003000
   Entry Point: 60003000
   Verifying Checksum ... OK
## Flattened Device Tree blob at 60900000
   Booting using the fdt blob at 0x60900000
   Loading Kernel Image ... OK
   Loading Device Tree to 7fee7000, end 7feed7ed ... OK

Starting kernel ...

Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0
Linux version 4.16.7 (jgsun@VirtualBox) (gcc version 7.3.0 (Buildroot 2018.08-git-00596-gb99dbdfac9-dirty)) #6 SMP Wed Jul 11 15:43:21 CST 2018
CPU: ARMv7 Processor [410fc090] revision 0 (ARMv7), cr=10c5387d
CPU: PIPT / VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache
OF: fdt: Machine model: V2P-CA9
Memory policy: Data cache writeback
CPU: All CPU(s) started in SVC mode.

使用qemu-kvm建立的bridge virtbr0

前面步驟1，2提到將宿主局網絡卡enp0s3加到網橋br0上面，宿主機ubuntu需要新增default route gw 10.0.2.2才能上外網。其實這裡還有一個方法：將tap0掛載到qemu-kvm建立的網橋vitbr0上面，能實現讓QEMU虛擬機器與宿主機通訊和聯通外網，也不影響宿主機聯通外網。 virbr0 是 KVM 預設建立的一個 bridge，其作用是為連線其上的虛機網絡卡提供 NAT 訪問外網的功能。virbr0 預設分配了一個IP 192.168.122.1，併為連線其上的其他虛擬網絡卡提供 DHCP 服務。 QEMU啟動u-boot的命令：sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 1024 -kernel output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot -nographic -net nic,model=lan9118 -net tap,ifname=tap0,script=board/qemu/arm-vexpress/qemu-ifup 網路啟動指令碼是qemu-ifup：

jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/work/buildroot$ cat board/qemu/arm-vexpress/qemu-ifup
#!/bin/sh
cmd="sudo tunctl -u $(id -un) -t $1"
echo ${cmd}
eval ${cmd}
cmd="sudo ifconfig $1 0.0.0.0 promisc up"
echo ${cmd}
eval ${cmd}
cmd="sudo brctl addif virbr0 $1"
echo ${cmd}
eval ${cmd}
cmd="brctl show"
echo ${cmd}
eval ${cmd}

QEMU虛擬機器linux啟動之後自動獲取ip 192.168.122.76，將192.168.122.1作為default route，能ping通我司主頁172.24.208.168：

# ip addr show dev eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:12:34:56 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.122.76/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
# ip route
default via 192.168.122.1 dev eth0 
192.168.122.0/24 dev eth0 scope link src 192.168.122.76 
# ping 172.24.208.168
PING 172.24.208.168 (172.24.208.168): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.24.208.168: seq=0 ttl=120 time=7.689 ms

啟動log看出啟動udhcpc獲取ip

udhcpc: started, v1.28.4
udhcpc: sending discover
udhcpc: sending discover
udhcpc: sending select for 192.168.122.76
udhcpc: lease of 192.168.122.76 obtained, lease time 3600
deleting routers
adding dns 192.168.122.1
OK

Welcome to Buildroot
buildroot login: root

宿主機ubuntu的網路設定：

jgsun@VirtualBox:/repo/work/buildroot$ brctl show
bridge name	bridge id	STP enabled	interfaces
virbr0	8000.3a1064dd8595	yes	tap0
jgsun@VirtualBox:~$ ip route
default via 10.0.2.2 dev enp0s3 proto dhcp metric 20100 
10.0.2.0/24 dev enp0s3 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.2.16 metric 100 
169.254.0.0/16 dev enp0s3 scope link metric 1000 
192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1 linkdown

在QEMU虛擬機器linux ping伺服器135.251.205.177，tcpdump抓取enp0s3網口報文儲存為pcap檔案用wireshark開啟，可以看到源地址已經被替換成enp0s3的ip 10.0.2.15 /repo/work/buildroot$ sudo tcpdump -i enp0s3 -w /media/sf_tftpd/enp0s3.pcap

掛載NFS檔案系統

1.ubuntu按照nfs server

sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server
sudo mkdir -p /root/rootfs
sudo vi /etc/exports//最後一行新增"/home/jgsun/rootfs *(sync,rw,no_root_squash)" 
jgsun@VirtualBox:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart
[ ok ] Restarting nfs-kernel-server (via systemctl): nfs-kernel-server.service.

2.QEMU虛擬機器linux掛載nfs mount -t nfs -o nolock 192.168.122.1:/home/jgsun/work/rootfs /mnt/rootfs

SD卡啟動

1.製作一個8M大小的SD卡檔案，並將啟動檔案uImage和dtb拷貝到SD卡

dd if=/dev/zero of=sd.ext2 bs=1M count=8
mkfs.ext2 sd.ext2
mkdir tmpfs
sudo mount -t ext2 sd.ext2 tmpfs/ -o loop
sudo cp uImage vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb tmpfs //將用uImage和dtb拷到此處
sudo umount tmpfs

2.QEMU帶-sd引數啟動u-boot sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 1024 -kernel output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot -nographic -sd output/image/sd.ext2 ext2ls 命令顯示SD卡內檔案內容：

=> ext2ls mmc 0
<DIR> 1024 .
<DIR> 1024 ..
<DIR> 12288 lost+found
         6891184 uImage
           14318 vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb

3.ext2load命令從SD卡載入uImage和dtb到記憶體，設定bootargs之後用bootm啟動linux：

=> ext2load mmc 0 0x60003000 uImage
6891184 bytes read in 1188 ms (5.5 MiB/s)
=> ext2load mmc 0 0x60900000 vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb
14318 bytes read in 59 ms (236.3 KiB/s)
=> setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/ram0 console=ttyAMA0'
=> bootm 0x60003000 - 60900000
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 60003000 ...
   Image Name: Linux-4.16.7
   Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
   Data Size: 6891120 Bytes = 6.6 MiB
   Load Address: 60003000
   Entry Point: 60003000
   Verifying Checksum ... OK
## Flattened Device Tree blob at 60900000

nor flash啟動

1.製作一個8M大小的flash檔案，燒寫uImage和dtb檔案到flash，注意bs須是4096

dd if=/dev/zero of=flash.bin bs=4096 count=2048//sector size 4K，count 2K
dd if=vexpress-v2p-ca9.dtb of=flash.bin conv=notrunc bs=4096//copy dtb at the beginning
dd if=uImage of=flash.bin conv=notrunc bs=4096 seek=256//copy uImage at 1M from the beginning

2.QEMU帶-pflash引數啟動u-boot

sudo qemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -m 1024 -kernel output/build/uboot-2018.05/u-boot -nographic -pflash output/image/flash.bin

3.cp從flash拷貝linux和dtb到記憶體，設定bootargs之後用bootm啟動linux：

=> cp.b 0x0 0x60900000 0x100000
=> cp.b 0x100000 0x60003000 0x700000
=> setenv bootargs 'root=/dev/ram0 console=ttyAMA0'
=> bootm 0x60003000 - 60900000
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 60003000 ...
   Image Name: Linux-4.16.7
   Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
   Data Size: 6891120 Bytes = 6.6 MiB
   Load Address: 60003000
   Entry Point: 60003000
   Verifying Checksum ... OK
## Flattened Device Tree blob at 60900000

參考資料

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轉自：https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1551288 共享單車、共享充電寶、共享雨傘，世間的共享有千萬種，而我獨愛共享記憶體。

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轉自：https://www.cnblogs.com/chencesc/p/8655400.html 一．device tree中的寫法 二. mailbox框架　（driver/mailbox/mailbox.c）

【轉】Linux下安裝mysql-5.7.24

轉載於：https://www.jianshu.com/p/276d59cbc529。 點選這裡，進入CSDN部落格進行閱讀！

linux下檢視記憶體頻率,核心函式,cpu頻率【轉】

轉自：https://www.cnblogs.com/lovesKey/p/10900501.html 檢視CPU： cat /proc/cpuinfo # 總核數 = 物理CPU個數 X 每顆物理CPU的核數

Linux下用火焰圖進行效能分析【轉】

轉自：https://blog.csdn.net/gatieme/article/details/78885908 本作品採用知識共享署名-非商業性使用-相同方式共享 4.0 國際許可協議進行許可, 轉載請註明出處, 謝謝合作

【轉】Linux系統掛載NTFS行動硬碟

有時候做大資料量遷移時，為了快速遷移大資料，有可能在Linux伺服器上臨時掛載NTFS格式的行動硬碟， 一般情況下，Linux是識別不了NTFS格式行動硬碟的（需要重編譯Linux核心才能，加掛NTFS分割槽），這時候為了能讓Li

linux perf工具測試程式cpu cache刷回實驗【轉】

轉自：https://blog.csdn.net/SweeNeil/article/details/106148756?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromMachineLearnPai2-6.channel_param&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_rel

《Linux/UNIX系統程式設計手冊》第49章 記憶體對映【轉】

轉自：https://www.cnblogs.com/arnoldlu/p/12550993.html 關鍵詞：mmap()、munmap()、msync()、SIGSEGV、SIGBUS、MAP_NORESERVE、MAP_FIXED、mremap()、remap_file_pages()等等。

gocron在linux環境下安裝及設定開機啟動【轉】

安裝gocron，github地址：https://github.com/ouqiang/gocron 我們直接使用二進位制安裝包，這樣最簡單。

樸英敏： 用crash工具分析Linux核心死鎖的一次實戰【轉】

轉自：https://blog.csdn.net/juS3Ve/article/details/79428049?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromMachineLearnPai2-1.channel_param&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_releva

使用 Crash 工具分析 Linux dump 檔案【轉】

轉自：https://blog.csdn.net/iteye_2535/article/details/81847840?utm_medium=distribute.pc_relevant.none-task-blog-BlogCommendFromMachineLearnPai2-1.channel_param&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_re