修改表結構

阿新 • • 發佈：2020-07-28

修改表結構

語法：
1. 修改表名
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      RENAME 新表名;

2. 增加欄位
      ALTER TABLE 表名
                      ADD 欄位名  資料型別 [完整性約束條件…],
                      ADD 欄位名  資料型別 [完整性約束條件…];
                            
3. 刪除欄位
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      DROP 欄位名;

4. 修改欄位
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      MODIFY  欄位名 資料型別 [完整性約束條件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 舊欄位名 新欄位名 舊資料型別 [完整性約束條件…];
      ALTER TABLE 表名 
                      CHANGE 舊欄位名 新欄位名 新資料型別 [完整性約束條件…];

5.修改欄位排列順序/在增加的時候指定欄位位置
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 欄位名  資料型別 [完整性約束條件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     ADD 欄位名  資料型別 [完整性約束條件…]  AFTER 欄位名;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     CHANGE 欄位名  舊欄位名 新欄位名 新資料型別 [完整性約束條件…]  FIRST;
    ALTER TABLE 表名
                     MODIFY 欄位名  資料型別 [完整性約束條件…]  AFTER 欄位名;

create table t(id int unique,name char(10) not null);

#去掉null約束
alter table t modify name char(10) null;
# 新增null約束
alter table t modify name char(10) not null;


# 去掉unique約束
alter table t drop index id;
# 新增unique約束
alter table t modify id int unique;

# 新增聯合唯一
alter table t add unique index(aa,bb);

1、首先建立一個數據表table_test：
create table table_test(
`id` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`name`)
); 
2、如果發現主鍵設定錯了,應該是id是主鍵,但如今表裡已經有好多資料了,不能刪除表再重建了，僅僅能在這基礎上改動表結構。
先刪除主鍵
alter table table_test drop primary key;
然後再增加主鍵
alter table table_test add primary key(id);
注:在增加主鍵之前,必須先把反覆的id刪除掉。

建立press表
CREATE TABLE `press` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `name` char(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ；

建立book表
CREATE TABLE `book` (
  `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `bk_name` char(12) DEFAULT NULL,
  `press_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  KEY `press_id` (`press_id`)
) ；

為book表新增外來鍵
alter table book add constraint fk_id foreign key(press_id) references press(id);

刪除外來鍵
alter table book drop foreign key fk_id;

mysql> desc staff_info;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 表重新命名
mysql> alter table staff_info rename staff;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 刪除sex列
mysql> alter table staff drop sex;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)      | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 新增列
mysql> alter table staff add sex enum('male','female');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 修改id的寬度
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 修改name列的欄位名
mysql> alter table staff change name sname varchar(20);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改sex列的位置
mysql> alter table staff modify sex enum('male','female') after sname;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(4)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 建立自增id主鍵
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) primary key auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 刪除主鍵，可以看到刪除一個自增主鍵會報錯
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key

# 需要先去掉主鍵的自增約束，然後再刪除主鍵約束
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(11);
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 新增聯合主鍵
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (sname,age);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 刪除主鍵
mysql> alter table staff drop primary key;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 建立主鍵id
mysql> alter table staff add primary key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | 0       |       |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |       |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 為主鍵新增自增屬性
mysql> alter table staff modify id int(4) auto_increment;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> desc staff;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(4)                | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| sname | varchar(20)           | NO   |     |         |                |
| sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | int(3)                | NO   |     | 0       |                |
| phone | bigint(11)            | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| job   | varchar(11)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)