如何在生產上部署Django?

Django的部署可以有很多方式，採用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比較常見的一種方式。

uwsgi介紹

uWSGI是一個Web伺服器，它實現了WSGI協議、uwsgi、http等協議。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是與uWSGI伺服器進行交換。

要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 這三個概念的區分。

• WSGI是一種Web伺服器閘道器介面。它是一個Web伺服器（如nginx，uWSGI等伺服器）與web應用（如用Flask框架寫的程式）通訊的一種規範。
• uwsgi是一種線路協議而不是通訊協議，在此常用於在uWSGI伺服器與其他網路伺服器的資料通訊。
• 而uWSGI是實現了uwsgi和WSGI兩種協議的Web伺服器。
• uwsgi協議是一個uWSGI伺服器自有的協議，它用於定義傳輸資訊的型別（type of information），每一個uwsgi packet前4byte為傳輸資訊型別描述，它與WSGI相比是兩樣東西。
  

uwsgi效能非常高

uWSGI的主要特點如下

• 超快的效能
• 低記憶體佔用（實測為apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
• 多app管理（終於不用冥思苦想下個app用哪個埠比較好了-.-）
• 詳盡的日誌功能（可以用來分析app效能和瓶頸）
• 高度可定製（記憶體大小限制，服務一定次數後重啟等）

總而言之uwgi是個部署用的好東東，正如uWSGI作者所吹噓的：

If you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server,uWSGI is not for you,but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid,fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average,you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uWSGI.

Uwsgi 安裝使用

# Install the latest stable release:
pip install uwsgi
# ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,
pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz

基本測試

Create a file called test.py:

# test.py
def application(env,start_response):
  start_response('200 OK',[('Content-Type','text/html')])
  return [b"Hello World"] # python3
  #return ["Hello World"] # python2

執行

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

用uwsgi 啟動django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi

可以把引數寫到配置檔案裡

alex@alex-ubuntu:~/uwsgi-test$ more crazye-uwsgi.ini
 
 
[uwsgi]
http = :9000
#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx
socket = 127.0.0.1:8001
# the base directory (full path)
chdir = /home/alex/CrazyEye
# Django's wsgi file
wsgi-file = CrazyEye/wsgi.py
# maximum number of worker processes
processes = 4
#thread numbers startched in each worker process
threads = 2
 
#monitor uwsgi status
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
# clear environment on exit
vacuum     = true

啟動

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi crazye-uwsgi.ini

Nginx安裝使用　　

sudo apt-get install nginx
sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start # start nginx

為你的專案生成Nginx配置檔案

You will need the uwsgi_params file,which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution,or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params

Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf,and put this in it:

# mysite_nginx.conf
 
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
  # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
  server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}
 
# configuration of the server
server {
  # the port your site will be served on
  listen   8000;
  # the domain name it will serve for
  server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
  charset   utf-8;
 
  # max upload size
  client_max_body_size 75M;  # adjust to taste
 
  # Django media
  location /media {
    alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required
  }
 
  location /static {
    alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
  }
 
  # Finally,send all non-media requests to the Django server.
  location / {
    uwsgi_pass django;
    include   /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
  }
}

This conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem,as well as handle requests that require Django's intervention. For a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files,and another handle Django applications,but for now,this will do just fine.

Symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

Deploying static files

Before running nginx,you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static/")

and then run

python manage.py collectstatic　　

此時啟動Nginx 和Uwsgi，你的django專案就可以實現高併發啦！

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