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python bottle 簡介

安裝 unicorn net __name__ gre stc home 路由 test

  bottle 是一個輕量級的python web框架, 可以適配各種web服務器,包括python自帶的wsgiref(默認),gevent, cherrypy,gunicorn等等。bottle是單文件形式發布,源碼在這裏可以下載,代碼量不多,可以用來學習web框架。這裏也有官方文檔的中文翻譯。   首先我們來運行一下bottle的hello world 技術分享
from bottle import run
 
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    def application(environ, start_response):
        start_response(‘200 OK‘, [(‘Content-Type‘, ‘text/html‘)])
        return [‘<h1>Hello world!</h1>‘]
 
    run(host=‘localhost‘, port=8080, app=application)
技術分享   上面的代碼看起來也非常符合wsgi的接口規範。啟動改代碼,可以看到輸出 Bottle v0.13-dev server starting up (using WSGIRefServer())... Listening on http://localhost:8080/ Hit Ctrl-C to quit.   輸出中加粗部分表明使用的web服務器是python自帶的wsgiref。也可以使用其他web server,比如gevent,前提是需要安裝gevent,修改後的代碼如下: 技術分享
from bottle import run
import gevent.monkey
gevent.monkey.patch_all()
 
if __name__ == ‘__main__‘:
    def application(environ, start_response):
        start_response(‘200 OK‘, [(‘Content-Type‘, ‘text/html‘)])
        return [‘<h1>Hello world!</h1>‘]
 
    run(host=‘localhost‘, port=8080, app=application, server = ‘gevent‘)
技術分享

通過server關鍵字指定web服務器為‘gevent’,輸出的第一行變成了:

Bottle v0.13-dev server starting up (using GeventServer())... 不管bottle用什麽web服務器啟動,在瀏覽器輸入127.0.0.1:8080,都可以看到 技術分享 下面介紹bottle中部分類和接口 bottle.Bottle 代表一個獨立的wsgi應用,由一下部分組成:routes, callbacks, plugins, resources and configuration。 __call__: Bottle定義了__call__函數, 使得Bottle的實例能成為一個callable。在前文提到,web框架(或Application)需要提供一個callbale對象給web服務器,bottle提供的就是Bottle實例
    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
      """ Each instance of :class:‘Bottle‘ is a WSGI application. """
       return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)        
下面是Bottle.wsgi函數的核心代碼,主要調用兩個比較重要的函數:_handle, _cast 技術分享
    def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
        """ The bottle WSGI-interface. """
        try:
            out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
            # rfc2616 section 4.3
            if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)            or environ[‘REQUEST_METHOD‘] == ‘HEAD‘:
                if hasattr(out, ‘close‘): out.close()
                out = []
            start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist)
            return out
技術分享

  _handle:處理請求,最終調用到application ,簡化後的代碼如下:

1   def _handle(self, environ):
2         self.trigger_hook(‘before_request‘)
3         route, args = self.router.match(environ)
4         out = route.call(**args)
5         self.trigger_hook(‘after_request‘)
6         return out
  _cast:   標準的wsgi接口對Application的返回值要求嚴格,必須叠代返回字符串。bottle做了一些擴展,可以允許App返回更加豐富的類型,比如dict,File等。 _cast函數對_handle函數返回值進行處理,使之符合wsgi規範 bottle.Route 封裝了路由規則與對應的回調 bottle.Router
A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return the first target that satisfies the request.
ServerAdapter 所有bottle適配的web服務器的基類,子類只要實現run方法就可以了,bottle裏面有大量的Web服務器的適配。下表來自官網,介紹了bottle支持的各種web服務器,以及各自的特性。
NameHomepageDescription
cgi Run as CGI script
flup flup Run as FastCGI process
gae gae Helper for Google App Engine deployments
wsgiref wsgiref Single-threaded default server
cherrypy cherrypy Multi-threaded and very stable
paste paste Multi-threaded, stable, tried and tested
rocket rocket Multi-threaded
waitress waitress Multi-threaded, poweres Pyramid
gunicorn gunicorn Pre-forked, partly written in C
eventlet eventlet Asynchronous framework with WSGI support.
gevent gevent Asynchronous (greenlets)
diesel diesel Asynchronous (greenlets)
fapws3 fapws3 Asynchronous (network side only), written in C
tornado tornado Asynchronous, powers some parts of Facebook
twisted twisted Asynchronous, well tested but... twisted
meinheld meinheld Asynchronous, partly written in C
bjoern bjoern Asynchronous, very fast and written in C
auto Automatically selects an available server adapter

可以看到,bottle適配的web服務器很豐富。工作模式也很全面,有多線程的(如paste)、有多進程模式的(如gunicorn)、也有基於協程的(如gevent)。具體選擇哪種web服務器取決於應用的特性,比如是CPU bound還是IO bound bottle.run 啟動wsgi服務器。幾個比較重要的參數 app: wsgi application,即可以是bottle.Bottle 也開始是任何滿足wsgi 接口的函數 server: wsgi http server,字符串 host:port: 監聽端口 核心邏輯: ServerAdapter.run(app)。 最後,bottle源碼中有一些使用descriptor的例子,實現很巧妙,值得一讀,前文也有介紹。 references; http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bottlepy/bottle/master/bottle.py http://blog.csdn.net/huithe/article/details/8087645 http://simple-is-better.com/news/59 http://www.bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html#server-options http://blog.rutwick.com/use-bottle-python-framework-with-google-app-engine

python bottle 簡介