Django之ORM操作
阿新 • • 發佈:2017-06-28
cursors cap oot 查詢條件 other ddd pos 截取 one
ORM基本增刪改查操作:
1 # 增 2 models.Tb1.objects.create(c1=‘xx‘, c2=‘oo‘) 增加一條數據,可以接受字典類型數據 **kwargs 3 obj = models.Tb1(c1=‘xx‘, c2=‘oo‘) 4 obj.save() 5 6 # 查 7 models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 獲取單條數據,不存在則報錯(不建議) 8 models.Tb1.objects.all() # 獲取全部 9 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘增刪改查seven‘) # 獲取指定條件的數據 10 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name=‘seven‘) # 獲取指定條件的數據 11 12 # 刪 13 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).delete() # 刪除指定條件的數據 14 15 # 改 16 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).update(gender=‘0‘) # 將指定條件的數據更新,均支持 **kwargs 17 obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1) 18 obj.c1 = ‘111‘ 19 obj.save()# 修改單條數據
ORM進階操作:
# 獲取個數 models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).count() # 大於,小於 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 獲取id大於1的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 獲取id大於等於1的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 獲取id小於10的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) #進階操作獲取id小於10的值 models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 獲取id大於1 且 小於10的值 # in models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 獲取id等於11、22、33的數據 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in # isnull models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) # contains() models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小寫不敏感 models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") # range models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 範圍bettwen and # 其他類似 #startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith, # order by models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).order_by(‘id‘) # asc models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).order_by(‘-id‘) # desc # group by from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values(‘id‘).annotate(c=Count(‘num‘)) #SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" # limit 、offset models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] # regex正則匹配,iregex 不區分大小寫 models.Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r‘^(An?|The) +‘) models.Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r‘^(an?|the) +‘) # date import datetime models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # year models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) # month models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) # day models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) # week_day models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) models.Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) # hour models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) models.Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) # minute models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) models.Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) # second models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) models.Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) models.Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
ORM高級操作(Q,F,extra,原生SQL)
#extra #extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) models.Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) #select *,(select col from sometable where otherco >1) as new_id from Entry models.Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) #select * from Entry where headline=‘Lennon‘ models.Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) #select * from Entry where foo=‘a‘ or bar = ‘a‘ and baz=‘a‘ models.Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) #select *,(select id from tb where id > 1) from Entry order nid desc #F from django.db.models import F models.Tb1.objects.update(num=F(‘num‘)+1) #先引用(F(‘num‘)+1 用來將原始值取出並+1),再賦值(num=F(‘num‘)+1)相當於,num+1之後更新 #Q from django.db.models import Q #方式一: Q(nid__gt=10) #where nid > 10 Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) #where nid =8 or nid >10 Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption=‘root‘) # where nid = 8 or nid>10 and caption=‘root‘ #方式二: con = Q() q1 = Q() q1.connector = ‘OR‘ q1.children.append((‘id‘, 1)) q1.children.append((‘id‘, 10)) q1.children.append((‘id‘, 9)) # q1 : where id =1 or id=10 or id=9 q2 = Q() q2.connector = ‘OR‘ q2.children.append((‘c1‘, 1)) q2.children.append((‘c1‘, 10)) q2.children.append((‘c1‘, 9)) #q2 :where c1=1 or c1=10 or c1=9 con.add(q1, ‘AND‘) con.add(q2, ‘AND‘) #con: where (id =1 or id=10 or id=9 ) and (c1=1 or c1=10 or c1=9) models.Tb1.objects.filter(con) #select * from Tb1 where (id =1 or id=10 or id=9 ) and (c1=1 or c1=10 or c1=9) # 執行原生SQL from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() #拿到默認數據庫default連接的遊標 cursors = connections[‘db1‘].cursor() #拿到指定數據庫db1的遊標 cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone()ORM高階操作
ORM其他操作(ORM對象方法拆解)
################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self) # 獲取所有的數據對象 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相關:表之間進行join連表操作,一次性獲取關聯的數據。 model.tb.objects.all().select_related() model.tb.objects.all().select_related(‘外鍵字段‘) model.tb.objects.all().select_related(‘外鍵字段__外鍵字段‘) def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相關:多表連表操作時速度會慢,使用其執行多次SQL查詢在Python代碼中實現連表操作。 # 獲取所有用戶表 # 獲取用戶類型表where id in (用戶表中的查到的所有用戶ID) models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related(‘外鍵字段‘) from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField Article.objects.annotate( numviews=Count(Case( When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1), output_field=CharField(), )) ) students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum( models.Case( models.When(absence__type=‘Excused‘, then=1), default=0, output_field=models.IntegerField() ))) def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用於實現聚合group by查詢 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘,distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用於distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘nid‘).distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 註:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct進行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用於排序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-id‘,‘age‘) def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 構造額外的查詢條件或者映射,如:子查詢 Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) def reverse(self): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-nid‘).reverse() # 註:如果存在order_by,reverse則是倒序,如果多個排序則一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) #映射中排除某列數據 def only(self, *fields): #僅取某個表中的數據 models.UserInfo.objects.only(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only(‘username‘,‘id‘) def using(self, alias): 指定使用的數據庫,參數為別名(setting中的設置) ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 執行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘) # 如果SQL是其他表時,必須將名字設置為當前UserInfo對象的主鍵列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from 其他表‘) # 為原生SQL設置參數 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s‘, params=[12,]) # 將獲取的到列名轉換為指定列名 name_map = {‘first‘: ‘first_name‘, ‘last‘: ‘last_name‘, ‘bd‘: ‘birth_date‘, ‘pk‘: ‘id‘} Person.objects.raw(‘SELECT * FROM some_other_table‘, translations=name_map) # 指定數據庫 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘, using="default") ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values(self, *fields): # 獲取每行數據為字典格式 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 獲取每行數據為元祖 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # 並獲取轉換後的時間 - year : 年-01-01 - month: 年-月-01 - day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates(‘ctime‘,‘day‘,‘DESC‘) def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘, tzinfo=None): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容,將時間轉換為指定時區時間 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo時區對象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai‘)) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none(self): # 空QuerySet對象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函數,獲取字典類型聚合結果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count(‘u_id‘, distinct=True), n=Count(‘nid‘)) ===> {‘k‘: 3, ‘n‘: 4} def count(self): # 獲取個數 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 獲取單個對象 def create(self, **kwargs): # 創建對象 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的個數 objs = [ models.DDD(name=‘r11‘), models.DDD(name=‘r22‘) ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則獲取,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時,其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則更新,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時或更新時的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 1}) def first(self): # 獲取第一個 def last(self): # 獲取最後一個 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根據主鍵ID進行查找 id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete(self): # 刪除 def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新 def exists(self): # 是否有結果 其他操作其他操作
Django之ORM操作