從頭認識Spring-1.1 什麽是依賴註入?為什麽須要依賴註入?
這一章節我們來討論一下什麽是依賴註入?為什麽須要依賴註入?
1.什麽是依賴註入?
筆者理解的是:對象的生成不再是通過顯示的new,並且到spring容器裏面取。對象的創建是使用註入這樣的形式
2.為什麽須要依賴註入?
(1)解耦
(2)易於測試
我們以歌唱家唱歌這個為樣例,在沒有使用依賴註入情況下的代碼:
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; public class Song { @Override public String toString() { return "a song"; } }
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; public class Singer { private Song song = null; public Singer() { song = new Song();//強耦合的地方 } public void singTheSong() { System.out.println(song.toString()); } public static void main(String[] args) { new Singer().singTheSong(); } }
輸出:
a song
上面的代碼耦合緊密。會出現兩個問題:
(1)須要測試Singer的時候,必須new一個song出來
(2)Singer僅僅能是唱指定的song,假設換一首。就必須又一次改動代碼。
我們換成依賴註入形式:
(註意,因為代碼比較多,並且我是使用maven形式構建項目,因此。詳細的代碼能夠到我的github去查看,本文最底部有我的github地址)
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; public class Song { private String name; public Song(String name) { this.name = name; } @Override public String toString() { return "the song:" + name; } }
歌曲類我們添加了歌曲的名字,這樣能夠通過依賴註入變化不同的曲目,使得歌曲類更加靈活
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; public class Singer { private Song song = null; public Singer(Song song) { this.song = song; } public void singTheSong() { System.out.println(song.toString()); } }
歌唱家的類不變。
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:ApplicationContext-test.xml" }) public class SingerTest { @Autowired private ApplicationContext applicationContext; @Test public void testSinger() { Singer singer = applicationContext.getBean(Singer.class); singer.singTheSong(); } }
為了測試方便,我們添加了一個測試類。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?
> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa-1.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd"> <bean id="song1" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Song"> <constructor-arg value="my heart will go on" /> </bean> <bean id="singer" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Singer"> <constructor-arg ref="song1" /> </bean> <bean id="song2" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Song"> <constructor-arg value="there will be" /> </bean> </beans>
我們重點來說一下上面的配置文件。因為靈活性的實現就體如今上面了
(1)通過配置不同的歌曲,從而實現歌唱家能夠唱不同的歌曲,不像之前的代碼那樣。僅僅能夠唱同一首歌
(2)通過配置。能夠反復利用同樣的類,來靈活配置不同的歌唱家唱不同的歌曲(如以下的配置)。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-3.1.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa http://www.springframework.org/schema/data/jpa/spring-jpa-1.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd"> <bean id="jack" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Singer"> <constructor-arg ref="song1" /> </bean> <bean id="song1" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Song"> <constructor-arg value="my heart will go on" /> </bean> <bean id="rose" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Singer"> <constructor-arg ref="song2" /> </bean> <bean id="song2" class="com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1.Song"> <constructor-arg value="there will be" /> </bean> </beans>
然後我們僅僅要略微改動一下測試類,而前面的歌唱家和歌曲類不需改動
package com.raylee.my_new_spring.my_new_spring.ch01.topic_1_1; import org.junit.Test; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) @ContextConfiguration(locations = { "classpath:ApplicationContext-test.xml" }) public class SingerTest { @Autowired private ApplicationContext applicationContext; @Test public void testJackSinger() { Singer singer = (Singer) applicationContext.getBean("jack"); singer.singTheSong(); } @Test public void testRoseSinger() { Singer singer = (Singer) applicationContext.getBean("rose"); singer.singTheSong(); } }
我們就可以配置出不同的歌唱家唱不同的歌曲。
輸出:
the song:my heart will go on
或者
the song:there will be
3.依賴註入的優缺點:
長處:
(1)對象的定義放在xml裏面。我們能夠靈活的配置
(2)易於測試
(3)易於裝卸
缺點:
(1)創建對象的流程麻煩了
(2)因為spring大部分採用反射機制來實現。因此性能一定是個問題
(3)因為對象的定義放在xml。對於使用eclipse來重構就會比較麻煩
總結:這一章節我們主要介紹了什麽是依賴註入?為什麽須要依賴註入?
我的github:https://github.com/raylee2015/my_new_spring
從頭認識Spring-1.1 什麽是依賴註入?為什麽須要依賴註入?