完整約束
阿新 • • 發佈：2017-09-12
nbsp from creat 復合主鍵 rtm ror constrain 默認 dup
一、unique
============設置唯一約束 UNIQUE=============== 方法一： create table department1( id int, name varchar(20) unique, comment varchar(100) ); 方法二： create table department2( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint uk_name unique(name) ); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技術‘); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into department1 values(1,‘IT‘,‘技術‘);
二、 not null與default
是否可空，null表示空，非字符串
not null - 不可空
null - 可空
默認值，創建列時可以指定默認值，當插入數據時如果未主動設置，則自動添加默認值
create table tb1(
nid int not null defalut 2,
num int not null
)
==================not null==================== mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默認可以插入空 mysql> desc t1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空 mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #設置字段id不為空 mysql> desc t2; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空 ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field ‘id‘ doesn‘t have a default value ==================default==================== #設置id字段有默認值後，則無論id字段是null還是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默認填入default指定的默認值 mysql> create table t3(id int default 1); mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1; ==================綜合練習==================== mysql> create table student( -> name varchar(20) not null, -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18, -> sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) default ‘male‘, -> hobby set(‘play‘,‘study‘,‘read‘,‘music‘) default ‘play,music‘ -> ); mysql> desc student; +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | | | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | YES | | male | | | hobby | set(‘play‘,‘study‘,‘read‘,‘music‘) | YES | | play,music | | +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+ mysql> insert into student(name) values(‘egon‘); mysql> select * from student; +------+-----+------+------------+ | name | age | sex | hobby | +------+-----+------+------------+ | egon | 18 | male | play,music | +------+-----+------+------------+
三、 primary key
primary key字段的值不為空且唯一
一個表中可以：
單列做主鍵
多列做主鍵（復合主鍵）
但一個表內只能有一個主鍵primary key
============單列做主鍵=============== #方法一：not null+unique create table department1( id int not null unique, #主鍵 name varchar(20) not null unique, comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department1; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一個字段後用primary key create table department2( id int primary key, #主鍵 name varchar(20), comment varchar(100) ); mysql> desc department2; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在所有字段後單獨定義primary key create table department3( id int, name varchar(20), comment varchar(100), constraint pk_name primary key(id); #創建主鍵並為其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ rows in set (0.01 sec)
==================多列做主鍵================ create table service( ip varchar(15), port char(5), service_name varchar(10) not null, primary key(ip,port) ); mysql> desc service; +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | | +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values -> (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘mysqld‘), -> (‘172.16.45.11‘,‘3306‘,‘mariadb‘) -> ; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values (‘172.16.45.10‘,‘3306‘,‘nginx‘); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry ‘172.16.45.10-3306‘ for key ‘PRIMARY‘
作業：
create table class( cid int primary key auto_increment, caption varchar(10) ); insert into class(caption)values(‘三年二班‘),(‘一年三班‘),(‘三年一班‘); create table student( sid int primary key auto_increment, aname varchar(10), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘)default ‘male‘, class_id int not null, foreign key(class_id) references class(cid) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into student(aname,sex,class_id)values (‘鋼蛋‘,‘female‘,1), (‘鐵錘‘,‘female‘,1), (‘山炮‘,‘male‘,2); create table teacher( tid int primary key auto_increment, tname varchar(10) ); insert into teacher(tname)values(‘李明‘),(‘王二‘),(‘張三‘); insert into teacher (tname)values (‘張磊老師‘),(‘李平老師‘),(‘劉海燕老師‘),(‘朱雲海老師‘),(‘李傑老師‘); create table course( cid int primary key auto_increment, cname varchar(10), teacher_id int, foreign key(teacher_id) references teacher(tid) on delete cascade on update cascade ); insert into course(cname,teacher_id)values (‘生物‘,1), (‘體育‘,1), (‘物理‘,2); insert into course(cname,teacher_id)values(‘美術‘,3); create table score( sid int primary key auto_increment, student_id int, corse_id int, number int, foreign key(student_id) references student(sid) on delete cascade on update cascade, foreign key(corse_id) references course(cid) on delete cascade on update cascade, unique(student_id,corse_id) ); insert into score(student_id,corse_id,number )values (1,1,60), (1,2,59), (2,2,100);
完整約束