Linux用戶配置sudo權限(visudo)
阿新 • • 發佈:2017-10-04
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sudo的工作過程如下:
1,當用戶執行sudo時,系統會主動尋找/etc/sudoers文件,判斷該用戶是否有執行sudo的權限
2,確認用戶具有可執行sudo的權限後,讓用戶輸入用戶自己的密碼確認
3,若密碼輸入成功,則開始執行sudo後續的命令
4,root執行sudo時不需要輸入密碼(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL這樣一條規則)
5,若欲切換的身份與執行者的身份相同,也不需要輸入密碼
visudo使用vi打開/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出時,visudo會檢查內部語法,避免用戶輸入錯誤信息
visudo需要root權限
[[email protected] ~]$ visudo visudo:/etc/sudoers:權限不夠 visudo:/etc/sudoers:權限不夠
使用visudo命令打開sudo配置文件
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as ## the root user, without needing the root password. ## 該文件允許特定用戶像root用戶一樣使用各種各樣的命令,而不需要root用戶的密碼 ## ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections ## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular ## users or groups. ## 在文件的底部提供了很多相關命令的示例以供選擇,這些示例都可以被特定用戶或 ## 用戶組所使用 ## ## This file must be edited with the ‘visudo‘ command. ## 該文件必須使用"visudo"命令編輯 ## Host Aliases ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead. ## 對於一組服務器,你可能會更喜歡使用主機名(可能是全域名的通配符) ## 、或IP地址,這時可以配置主機別名 # Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2 # Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2 ## User Aliases ## These aren‘t often necessary, as you can use regular groups ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname ## rather than USERALIAS ## 這並不很常用,因為你可以通過使用組來代替一組用戶的別名 # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem ## Command Aliases ## These are groups of related commands... ## 指定一系列相互關聯的命令(當然可以是一個)的別名,通過賦予該別名sudo權限, ## 可以通過sudo調用所有別名包含的命令,下面是一些示例 ## Networking 網絡操作相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient , /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig , /sbin/mii-tool ## Installation and management of software 軟件安裝管理相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum ## Services 服務相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig ## Updating the locate database 本地數據庫升級命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb ## Storage 磁盤操作相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe , /bin/mount, /bin/umount ## Delegating permissions 代理權限相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp ## Processes 進程相關命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall ## Drivers 驅動命令別名 # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe # Defaults specification # # Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear. # You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>". # 一些環境變量的相關配置,具體情況可見man soduers Defaults requiretty Defaults env_reset Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS" Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES" Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY" Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple ## systems). ## 下面是規則配置:什麽用戶在哪臺服務器上可以執行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多個系統上共享) ## Syntax(語法): ## ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS 用戶 登錄的主機=(可以變換的身份) 可以執行的命令 ## ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. ## 命令部分可以附帶一些其它的選項 ## ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere ## 允許root用戶執行任意路徑下的任意命令 root ALL=(ALL) ALL ## Allows members of the ‘sys‘ group to run networking, software, ## service management apps and more. ## 允許sys中戶組中的用戶使用NETWORKING等所有別名中配置的命令 # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE , DRIVERS ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands ## 允許wheel用戶組中的用戶執行所有命令 %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL ## Same thing without a password ## 允許wheel用戶組中的用戶在不輸入該用戶的密碼的情況下使用所有命令 # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the ## cdrom as root ## 允許users用戶組中的用戶像root用戶一樣使用mount、unmount、chrom命令 # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system ## 允許users用戶組中的用戶關閉localhost這臺服務器 # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) ## 讀取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夾中的文件(此處的#不意味著這是一個聲明) #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
#參考配置
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo visudo ## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as ## the root user, without needing the root password. ## ## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections ## ## This file must be edited with the ‘visudo‘ command. ## Host Aliases ## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using ## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead. # Host_Alias FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2 # Host_Alias MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2 ## User Aliases ## These aren‘t often necessary, as you can use regular groups ## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname ## rather than USERALIAS # User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem ## Command Aliases ## These are groups of related commands... ## Networking ## Installation and management of software # Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum ## Services ## Updating the locate database # Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb ## Storage # Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount ## Delegating permissions # Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp ## Processes # Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall ## Drivers # Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe # Defaults specification # # Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear. # You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>". # Defaults:ceph !requiretty # # Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty. This setting should also be # changed in order to be able to use sudo without a tty. See requiretty above. # Defaults !visiblepw # # Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs # use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME # is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so # this option is only effective for configurations where either # env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list. # Defaults always_set_home Defaults env_reset Defaults env_keep = "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS" Defaults env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES" Defaults env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE" Defaults env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY" # # Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted # commands via sudo. # # Defaults env_keep += "HOME" Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin ## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on ## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple ## systems). ## Syntax: ## ## user MACHINE=COMMANDS ## ## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. ## ## Allow root to run any commands anywhere root ALL=(ALL) ALL ceph ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: ALL #添加一個普通用戶,切換時不需要密碼## Allows members of the ‘sys‘ group to run networking, software, ## service management apps and more. # %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS ## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL ## Same thing without a password # %wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL ## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the ## cdrom as root # %users ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom ## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system # %users localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now ## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) #includedir /etc/sudoers.d
#使配置生效
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo visudo -c /etc/sudoers: parsed OK /etc/sudoers.d/ceph: parsed OK
Linux用戶配置sudo權限(visudo)