mysql-數據庫單表查詢
阿新 • • 發佈:2017-11-13
需要 第一個 辦公 har creat 則表達式 efault src lun
一 介紹
本節內容:
查詢語法
關鍵字的執行優先級
簡單查詢
單條件查詢:WHERE
分組查詢:GROUP BY
HAVING
查詢排序:ORDER BY
限制查詢的記錄數:LIMIT
使用聚合函數查詢
使用正則表達式查詢
company.employee 員工id id int 姓名 emp_name varchar 性別 sex enum 年齡 age int 入職日期 hire_date date 崗位 post varchar 職位描述 post_comment varchar 薪水 salary double 辦公室 office int 部門編號 depart_id int #創建表 create table employee( id int not null unique auto_increment, name varchar(20) not null, sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘, #大部分是男的 age int(3) unsigned not null default 28, hire_date date not null, post varchar(50), post_comment varchar(100), salary double(15,2), office int, #一個部門一個屋子 depart_id int ); #查看表結構 mysql> desc employee; +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | | | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | NO | | male | | | age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 28 | | | hire_date | date | NO | | NULL | | | post | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | post_comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | | | salary | double(15,2) | YES | | NULL | | | office | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | depart_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ #插入記錄 #三個部門:教學,銷售,運營 insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values (‘egon‘,‘male‘,18,‘20170301‘,‘老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使‘,7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部 (‘alex‘,‘male‘,78,‘20150302‘,‘teacher‘,1000000.31,401,1), (‘wupeiqi‘,‘male‘,81,‘20130305‘,‘teacher‘,8300,401,1), (‘yuanhao‘,‘male‘,73,‘20140701‘,‘teacher‘,3500,401,1), (‘liwenzhou‘,‘male‘,28,‘20121101‘,‘teacher‘,2100,401,1), (‘jingliyang‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110211‘,‘teacher‘,9000,401,1), (‘jinxin‘,‘male‘,18,‘19000301‘,‘teacher‘,30000,401,1), (‘成龍‘,‘male‘,48,‘20101111‘,‘teacher‘,10000,401,1), (‘歪歪‘,‘female‘,48,‘20150311‘,‘sale‘,3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門 (‘丫丫‘,‘female‘,38,‘20101101‘,‘sale‘,2000.35,402,2), (‘丁丁‘,‘female‘,18,‘20110312‘,‘sale‘,1000.37,402,2), (‘星星‘,‘female‘,18,‘20160513‘,‘sale‘,3000.29,402,2), (‘格格‘,‘female‘,28,‘20170127‘,‘sale‘,4000.33,402,2), (‘張野‘,‘male‘,28,‘20160311‘,‘operation‘,10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門 (‘程咬金‘,‘male‘,18,‘19970312‘,‘operation‘,20000,403,3), (‘程咬銀‘,‘female‘,18,‘20130311‘,‘operation‘,19000,403,3), (‘程咬銅‘,‘male‘,18,‘20150411‘,‘operation‘,18000,403,3), (‘程咬鐵‘,‘female‘,18,‘20140512‘,‘operation‘,17000,403,3) ;
二 查詢語法
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名 WHERE 條件 GROUP BY field HAVING 篩選 ORDER BY field LIMIT 限制條數
三 關鍵字的執行優先級(重點)
重點中的重點:關鍵字的執行優先級 from where group by having select distinct order by limit
1.找到表:from
2.按條件過濾表記錄:where(過濾的結果是一條條記錄)
3.將查出的結果按條件分組:group by
4.將分組的結果再次過濾:having(與where相同之處是都可以進行過濾,不同之處是having是基於分組之後的結果進行過濾,過濾的結果也是一個個的組)
5.查出結果:select
6.去重
7.將6的結果按條件排序:order by
8.將7的結果限制顯示條數
詳細見:http://www.cnblogs.com/liluning/p/7490116.html
四 簡單查詢
#簡單查詢 SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee; #避免重復DISTINCT SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; #通過四則運算查詢 SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; #定義顯示格式 CONCAT() 函數用於連接字符串 SELECT CONCAT(‘姓名: ‘,name,‘ 年薪: ‘, salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一個參數為分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(‘:‘,name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
小練習:
1 查出所有員工的名字,薪資,格式為 <名字:egon> <薪資:3000> 2 查出所有的崗位(去掉重復) 3 查出所有員工名字,以及他們的年薪,年薪的字段名為annual_year
select concat(‘<名字:‘,name,‘> ‘,‘<薪資:‘,salary,‘>‘) from employee;
select distinct depart_id from employee;
select name,salary*12 annual_salary from employee;
五 單條件查詢:WHERE
where字句中可以使用:
1. 比較運算符:> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之間
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like ‘egon%‘
pattern可以是%或_,
%表示任意多字符
_表示一個字符
5. 邏輯運算符:在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算符 and or not
#1:單條件查詢 SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post=‘sale‘; #2:多條件查詢 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE post=‘teacher‘ AND salary>10000; #3:關鍵字BETWEEN AND SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000; #4:關鍵字IS NULL(判斷某個字段是否為NULL不能用等號,需要用IS) SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=‘‘; 註意‘‘是空字符串,不是null ps: 執行 update employee set post_comment=‘‘ where id=2; 再用上條查看,就會有結果了 #5:關鍵字IN集合查詢 SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; #6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢 通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE ‘eg%‘; 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE ‘al__‘;
小練習:
1. 查看崗位是teacher的員工姓名、年齡 2. 查看崗位是teacher且年齡大於30歲的員工姓名、年齡 3. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資在9000-1000範圍內的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 4. 查看崗位描述不為NULL的員工信息 5. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 6. 查看崗位是teacher且薪資不是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資 7. 查看崗位是teacher且名字是jin開頭的員工姓名、年薪View Code
六 分組查詢:GROUP BY
大前提:可以按照任意字段分組,但分完組後,只能查看分組的那個字段,要想取的組內的其他字段信息,需要借助函數
單獨使用GROUP BY關鍵字分組 SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post; 註意:我們按照post字段分組,那麽select查詢的字段只能是post,想要獲取組內的其他相關信息,需要借助函數 GROUP BY關鍵字和GROUP_CONCAT()函數一起使用 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照崗位分組,並查看組內成員名 SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post; GROUP BY與聚合函數一起使用 select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照崗位分組,並查看每個組有多少人
強調:
如果我們用unique的字段作為分組的依據,則每一條記錄自成一組,這種分組沒有意義 多條記錄之間的某個字段值相同,該字段通常用來作為分組的依據!!!MySQL 5.7默認ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY語義介紹
小練習:
1. 查詢崗位名以及崗位包含的所有員工名字 2. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位內包含的員工個數 3. 查詢公司內男員工和女員工的個數 4. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的平均薪資 5. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最高薪資 6. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最低薪資 7. 查詢男員工與男員工的平均薪資,女員工與女員工的平均薪資View Code
七 HAVING
HAVING與WHERE用法一樣 select * from employee where salary > 10000; select * from employee having salary > 10000; 不同之處在於:having是分組後過濾,而wehre是分組前過濾 語法:having可以放到group by之後,而where只能放到group by之前 select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000;#錯誤,分組後無法直接取到salary字段 select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000; 執行優先級:having比where的執行優先級更低 select count(id) from employee where salary > 10000; #正確:where先執行,後執行select select count(id) from employee having salary > 10000;#錯誤:select先執行,後執行having,所有無法統計count #以上兩條sql的順序是 #1: 找到表employee--->用where過濾---->沒有分組則默認一組--->select執行查看組內id數目 #2 找到表employee--->用where過濾---->沒有分組則默認一組--->select執行查看組內id數目---->having 基於上一步得到的結果進行過濾,無法從組內組取到salary這個值
小練習:
1. 查詢各崗位內包含的員工個數小於2的崗位名、崗位內包含員工名字、個數 3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資 4. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000且小於20000的崗位名、平均工資View Code
八 查詢排序:ORDER BY
按單列排序 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC; SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC; 按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年紀相同,則按照薪資排序 SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age, salary DESC;
小練習:
1. 查詢所有員工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同則按照hire_date降序排序 2. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資升序排列 3. 查詢各崗位平均薪資大於10000的崗位名、平均工資,結果按平均薪資降序排列View Code
九 限制查詢的記錄數:LIMIT
示例: SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 3; #默認初始位置為0 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,然後包含這一條在內往後查5條 SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,然後包含這一條在內往後查5條
小練習:
1. 分頁顯示,每頁5條View Code
十 使用聚合函數查詢
示例: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1; SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee; SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee; SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
十一 使用正則表達式查詢
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘^ale‘; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘on$‘; SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP ‘m{2}‘; 小結:對字符串匹配的方式 WHERE name = ‘egon‘; WHERE name LIKE ‘yua%‘; WHERE name REGEXP ‘on$‘;
小練習:
查看所有員工中名字是jin開頭,n或者g結果的員工信息
select * from employee where name regexp ‘^jin.*[gn]$‘;
mysql-數據庫單表查詢