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[硬件知識]OP(Over-provisioning)預留空間

映射 def secure -m 包含 www. 擦除 tps copy

SSD上的OP指的是用戶不可操作的容量,大小為實際容量減去用戶可用容量,OP區域一般被用於優化操作如:WL,GC和壞塊映射等。 OP一般分三層(見下圖)。第一層容量固定為SSD標稱容量的7.37%,這是因為標稱容量采用千進制為單位,而NAND顆粒容量單位為1024進制,兩者正好相差約7.37%。這部分空間被默認用於作OP。第二層OP是否存在及容量大小取決於廠商設置。第三層OP是用戶在日常使用中可以分配的,像Fusion-IO公司還給其用戶提供工具讓他們自行調節大小以滿足不同的耐用度及性能要求,一般用戶也可以自己在初次分區的時候,不把所有的SSD容量都分滿來達到相同目的,此處有一點要註意,若非首次分區就留出空間,必須要先進行全盤擦除(Secure Erase),否則沒有效果。 技術分享圖片
雖然OP會減少SSD的可用容量,但有減少WA、提高壽命、性能的正面作用。請看下圖:兩個相同的64G SSD,左邊的分區50G,右邊的全部容量分區。格式化後容量分別為:46G和59G左右。 技術分享圖片 我們知道在操作系統下,要寫入共59G的數據時,左邊的盤必須刪除13G的‘無效‘數據才行。右邊的盤不需擦除就能寫入所有59G數據,由SSD映射表的操作方式可知,刪除後繼續寫入的數據在物理上會繼續寫入整個盤(寫入OP1和OP2),在LBA上會覆蓋被刪除數據的地址。也就是說,同樣寫入59G數據,左邊的盤已經包含了13G"無效"數據了。(那些被重映射到預留空間的數據,原地址數據就是"無效"、"過期"的)。所以說圖中SSD裏LBA上數據"有效"的機會比右邊要少,因為LBA容量小(分區小),所以在做垃圾回收處理時,需要復制的"有效"數據也少了,自然效率就提高了。 一般來說,建議在不支持Trim或對SSD的性能有較高要求的時候,如數據庫等類的應用,增加一定比例的第三層OP容量(此空間需要先做HDD ERASE,保證沒有被使用過),可以很好的起到保持速度,提高壽命的作用。(如必須用SSD組建RAID時,強烈建議留部分OP容量以彌補沒有Trim產生的影響。)

While solid-state drives (SSDs) are often similar to mechanical Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) in physical dimensions (e.g., height, width and length) and external interface (e.g., SATA or SAS interface), the internal low level operation and components of an SSD differ vastly from the spinning magnetic platter design of an HDD.

After an SSD is assembled, the SSD manufacturer can reserve an additional percentage of the total drive capacity for Over-Provisioning (OP) during firmware programming. Over-provisioning improves performance and often increases the endurance of the SSD, helping the drive last longer due to the SSD Controller having more Flash NAND storage available to alleviate NAND Flash wear over its useful life.

To calculate the over-provisioned (OP) percentage of an SSD, the formula in Figure 1 can be used.

Percentage Over-provisioning =

Physical Capacity - User Capacity


User Capacity

Figure 1. Over-provisioning percentage formula.

It is common to see 7 percent overprovisioning present in many SSDs. See Figure 2 for a breakdown of physical capacity present in an SSD versus available user capacity after overprovisioning.

Physical capacityUser capacity% Over-ProvisioningApplication Class
64 GB 60 GB 7% Read Intensive
96 GB 90 GB 7% Read Intensive
128 GB 120 GB 7% Read Intensive
128 GB 100 GB 28% More Write Intensive
256 GB 240 GB 7% Read Intensive
256 GB 200 GB 28% More Write Intensive
512 GB 480 GB 7% Read Intensive
512 GB 400GB 28% More Write Intensive
1024GB 960GB 7% Read Intensive
1024GB 800GB 28% More Write Intensive
2048GB 1800GB 14% Read Intensive
2048GB 1600GB 28% More Write Intensive

Figure 2 Over-provisioning based on capacity and application class

轉自:

https://www.kingston.com/us/ssd/overprovisioning

http://blog.csdn.net/guojing3625/article/details/10136551

[硬件知識]OP(Over-provisioning)預留空間