如何正確使用 Django的User Model
本篇主要討論一下User Model的使用技巧. 註意, 由於Django 1.5之後user model帶來了很大的變化, 本篇內容只針對django 1.5之後的版本.
1. 確定 User Model
我們推薦一下方式來確定某一django項目使用的user model:
# 使用默認User model時 >>> from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model >>> get_user_model() <class ‘django.contrib.auth.models.User‘> # 使用自定義User model時 >>> from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model >>> get_user_model() <class ‘xxx.models.UserProfile‘>
2. 使用settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL
自從django 1.5之後, 用戶可以自定義User model了, 如果需要外鍵使用user model, 官方推薦的方法如下:
在settings中設置AUTH_USER_MODEL:
# settings.py # 格式為 "<django_app名>.<model名>" AUTH_USER_MODEL = "myapp.NewUser"
在models.py中使用
# models.py from django.conf import settings from django.db import models class Article(models.Model): author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL) title= models.CharField(max_length=255)
還有需要註意的是, 不要在外鍵中使用get_user_model().
3. 自定義 User Model
方法1: 擴展 AbstractUser類
如果你對django自帶的User model剛到滿意, 又希望額外的field的話, 你可以擴展AbstractUser類:
# myapp/models.py from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser from django.db import models class NewUser(AbstractUser): new_field = models.CharField(max_length=100)
不要忘了在settings.py中設置:
AUTH_USER_MODEL = "myapp.NewUser"
方法2: 擴展 AbstractBaseUser類
AbstractBaseUser中只含有3個field: password, last_login和is_active. 如果你對django user model默認的first_name, last_name不滿意, 或者只想保留默認的密碼儲存方式, 則可以選擇這一方式.
方法3: 使用OneToOneField
如果你想建立一個第三方模塊發布在PyPi上, 這一模塊需要根據用戶儲存每個用戶的額外信息. 或者我們的django項目中希望不同的用戶擁有不同的field, 有些用戶則需要不同field的組合, 且我們使用了方法1或方法2:
# profiles/models.py from django.conf import settings from django.db import models from flavors.models import Flavor class EasterProfile(models.Model): user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL) favorite_ice_cream = models.ForeignKey(Flavor, null=True, blank=True) class ScooperProfile(models.Model): user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL) scoops_scooped = models.IntergerField(default=0) class InventorProfile(models.Model): user = models.OneToOneField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL) flavors_invented = models.ManyToManyField(Flavor, null=True, blank=True)
使用以上方法, 我們可以使用user.easterprofile.favorite_ice_cream獲取相應的profile.
使用這一方法的壞處可能就是增加了代碼的復雜性.
原文鏈接: http://www.weiguda.com/blog/28/
另外一篇參考文章 Django 重寫用戶模型
django——重寫用戶模型
Django內建的User模型可能不適合某些類型的項目。例如，在某些網站上使用郵件地址而不是用戶名作為身份的標識可能更合理。
1.修改配置文件，覆蓋默認的User模型
Django允許你通過修改setting.py文件中的 AUTH_USER_MODEL 設置覆蓋默認的User模型，其值引用一個自定義的模型。
AUTH_USER_MODEL = ‘myapp.MyUser‘
上面的值表示Django應用的名稱（必須位於INSTALLLED_APPS中）和你想使用的User模型的名稱。
註意：
1.在創建任何遷移或者第一次運行 manager.py migrate 前設置 AUTH_USER_MODEL。
設置AUTH_USER_MODEL對你的數據庫結構有很大的影響。它改變了一些會使用到的表格，並且會影響到一些外鍵和多對多關系的構造。在你有表格被創建後更改此設置是不被 makemigrations 支持的，並且會導致你需要手動修改數據庫結構，從舊用戶表中導出數據，可能重新應用一些遷移。
警告 ：
1.確保 AUTH_USER_MODEL 引用的模型在所屬app中第一個遷移文件中被創建
由於Django的可交換模型的動態依賴特性的局限，你必須確保 AUTH_USER_MODEL 引用的模型在所屬app中第一個遷移文件中被創建（通常命名為 0001_initial），否則你會碰到錯誤。
The easiest way to construct a compliant custom User model is to inherit fromAbstractBaseUser. AbstractBaseUser provides the core implementation of a Usermodel, including hashed passwords and tokenized password resets. You must then provide some key implementation details:
2.引用User模型
在 AUTH_USER_MODEL 設置為自定義用戶模型時，如果你直接引用User（例如：通過一個外鍵引用它），你的代碼將不能工作。你應該使用django.contrib.auth.get_user_model()來引用用戶模型————指定的自定義用戶模型或者User
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model User = get_user_model()
當你定義一個外鍵或者到用戶模型的多對多關系是，你應該使用AUTH_USER_MODEL設置來指定自定義的模型。
from django.conf import settings
from django.db import models
class Article(models.Model):
author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL)
一般來說，在導入時候執行的代碼中，你應該使用 AUTH_USER_MODEL 設置引用用戶模型。get_user_model() 只在Django已經導入所有的模型後才工作。
3.指定自定義的用戶模型
3.1 Django 期望你自定義的 User model 滿足一些最低要求：
- 模型必須有一個唯一的字段可被用於識別目的。可以是一個用戶名，電子郵件地址，或任何其它獨特屬性。
- 定制一個User Model最簡單的方式是構造一個兼容的用戶模型繼承於AbstractBaseUser。
AbstractBaseUser提供了User類最核心的實現，包括哈希的passwords和 標識的密碼重置。
3.2 下面為一些AbstractBaseUser的子類必須定義的關鍵的字段和方法：
USERNAME_FIELD
必須設置。 設置認證標識，設置成標識的字段 unique=True
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
identifier = models.CharField(max_length=40, unique=True)
...
USERNAME_FIELD = ‘identifier‘
REQUIRED_FIELDS
必須設置。當通過createsuperuser管理命令創建一個用戶時，用於提示的一個字段名稱列表。
class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser):
...
date_of_birth = models.DateField()
height = models.FloatField()
...
REQUIRED_FIELDS = [‘date_of_birth‘, ‘height‘]
列表中不應該包含USERNAME_FIELD字段和password字段。
is_active
必須定義。 一個布爾屬性，標識用戶是否是 "active" 的。AbstractBaseUser默認為 Ture。
get_full_name()
必須定義。 long格式的用戶標識。
get_short_name()
必須定義。 short格式的用戶標識。
3.3 下面為一些AbstractBaseUser的子類可以使用的方法：
get_username()
返回 USERNAME_FIELD 的值。
is_anonymous()
一直返回 False。用來區分 AnonymousUser。
is_authenticated()
一直返回 Ture。用來告訴用戶已被認證。
set_password(raw_password)
設置密碼。按照給定的原始字符串設置用戶的密碼，taking care of the password hashing。 不保存 AbstractBaseUser 對象。如果沒有給定密碼，密碼就會被設置成不使用，同用set_unusable_password()。
check_password(raw_password)
檢查密碼是否正確。 給定的密碼正確返回 True。
set_unusable_password()
設置user無密碼。 不同於密碼為空，如果使用 check_password()，則不會返回True。不保存AbstractBaseUser 對象。
has_usable_password()
如果設置了set_unusable_password()，返回False。
get_session_auth_hash()
返回密碼字段的HMAC。 Used for Session invalidation on password change.
3.4 為你的User模型自定義一個管理器
如果你的User模型定義了這些字段：username, email, is_staff, is_active, is_superuser, last_login, and date_joined跟默認的User沒什麽區別, 那麽你還不如僅僅替換Django的UserManager就行了; 總之,如果你的User定義了不同的字段, 你就要去自定義一個管理器，它繼承自BaseUserManager並提供兩個額外的方法:
create_user(username_field, password=None, other_fields)**
接受username field和required字段來創建用戶。例如，如果使用email作為username field， date_of_birth作為required field：
def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None):
# create user here
...
create_superuser(username_field, password, other_fields)**
接受username field和required字段來創建superuser。例如，如果使用email作為username field， date_of_birth作為required field：
def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password):
# create superuser here
...
create_superuser中的password是必需的
4.擴展Django默認的User
如果你完全滿意Django的用戶模型和你只是想添加一些額外的屬性信息,你只需繼承 django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser 然後添加自定義的屬性。AbstractUser 作為一個抽象模型提供了默認的User的所有的實現（AbstractUser provides the full implementation of the default User as an abstract model.）。
5.自定義用戶與內置身份驗證表單
Django內置的forms和views和相關聯的user model有一些先決條件。如果你的user model沒有遵循同樣的條件，則需要定義一個替代的form，通過form成為身份驗證views配置的一部分。
UserCreationForm
依賴於User Model. 擴展User時必須重寫。
UserChangeForm
依賴於User Model. 擴展User時必須重寫。
AuthenticationForm
Works with any subclass of AbstractBaseUser, and will adapt to use the field defined in USERNAME_FIELD.
PasswordResetForm
Assumes that the user model has a field named email that can be used to identify the user and a boolean field named is_active to prevent password resets for inactive users.
SetPasswordForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子類
PasswordChangeForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子類
AdminPasswordChangeForm
Works with 任何AbstractBaseUser子類
6.自定義用戶和django.contrib.admin
如果你想讓你自定義的User模型也可以在站點管理上工作，那麽你的模型應該再定義一些額外的屬性和方法。 這些方法允許管理員去控制User到管理內容的訪問:
is_staff
是否允許user訪問admin界面
is_active
用戶是否活躍。
has_perm(perm, obj=None):
user是否擁有perm權限。
has_module_perms(app_label):
user是否擁有app中訪問models的權限
你同樣也需要註冊你自定義的用戶模型到admin。如果你的自定義用戶模型擴展於django.contrib.auth.models.AbscustomauthtractUser，你可以用django的 django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin 類。如果你的用戶模型擴展於 AbstractBaseUser，你需要自定義一個ModelAdmin類。他可能繼承於默認的django.contrib.auth.admin.UserAdmin。然而，你也需要覆寫一些django.contrib.auth.models.AbstractUser 字段的定義不在你自定義用戶模型中的。
7.自定義用戶和權限
如果想讓在自定義用戶模型中包含Django的權限控制框架變得簡單，Django提供了PermissionsMixin。這是一個抽象的類，你可以為你的自定義用戶模型中的類的層次結構中包含它。它提供給你所有Django權限類所必須的的方法和字段
7.1 如果要定制User的權限系統，最簡單的方法是繼承PermissionsMixin
源碼：
class PermissionsMixin(models.Model):
"""
A mixin class that adds the fields and methods necessary to support
Django‘s Group and Permission model using the ModelBackend.
"""
is_superuser = models.BooleanField(_(‘superuser status‘), default=False,
help_text=_(‘Designates that this user has all permissions without ‘
‘explicitly assigning them.‘))
groups = models.ManyToManyField(Group, verbose_name=_(‘groups‘),
blank=True, help_text=_(‘The groups this user belongs to. A user will ‘
‘get all permissions granted to each of ‘
‘their groups.‘),
related_name="user_set", related_query_name="user")
user_permissions = models.ManyToManyField(Permission,
verbose_name=_(‘user permissions‘), blank=True,
help_text=_(‘Specific permissions for this user.‘),
related_name="user_set", related_query_name="user")
class Meta:
abstract = True
def get_group_permissions(self, obj=None):
"""
Returns a list of permission strings that this user has through their
groups. This method queries all available auth backends. If an object
is passed in, only permissions matching this object are returned.
"""
permissions = set()
for backend in auth.get_backends():
if hasattr(backend, "get_group_permissions"):
permissions.update(backend.get_group_permissions(self, obj))
return permissions
def get_all_permissions(self, obj=None):
return _user_get_all_permissions(self, obj)
def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None):
"""
Returns True if the user has the specified permission. This method
queries all available auth backends, but returns immediately if any
backend returns True. Thus, a user who has permission from a single
auth backend is assumed to have permission in general. If an object is
provided, permissions for this specific object are checked.
"""
# Active superusers have all permissions.
if self.is_active and self.is_superuser:
return True
# Otherwise we need to check the backends.
return _user_has_perm(self, perm, obj)
def has_perms(self, perm_list, obj=None):
"""
Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions. If
object is passed, it checks if the user has all required perms for this
object.
"""
for perm in perm_list:
if not self.has_perm(perm, obj):
return False
return True
def has_module_perms(self, app_label):
"""
Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given app label.
Uses pretty much the same logic as has_perm, above.
"""
# Active superusers have all permissions.
if self.is_active and self.is_superuser:
return True
return _user_has_module_perms(self, app_label)
4.3.2 Django內置的User對象就繼承了AbstractBaseUser和PermissionsMixin：
源碼：
class AbstractUser(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin): """ An abstract base class implementing a fully featured User model with admin-compliant permissions. Username, password and email are required. Other fields are optional. """ username = models.CharField(_(‘username‘), max_length=30, unique=True, help_text=_(‘Required. 30 characters or fewer. Letters, digits and ‘ ‘@/./+/-/_ only.‘), validators=[ validators.RegexValidator(r‘^[\w.@+-]+$‘, _(‘Enter a valid username. ‘ ‘This value may contain only letters, numbers ‘ ‘and @/./+/-/_ characters.‘), ‘invalid‘), ], error_messages={ ‘unique‘: _("A user with that username already exists."), }) first_name = models.CharField(_(‘first name‘), max_length=30, blank=True) last_name = models.CharField(_(‘last name‘), max_length=30, blank=True) email = models.EmailField(_(‘email address‘), blank=True) is_staff = models.BooleanField(_(‘staff status‘), default=False, help_text=_(‘Designates whether the user can log into this admin ‘ ‘site.‘)) is_active = models.BooleanField(_(‘active‘), default=True, help_text=_(‘Designates whether this user should be treated as ‘ ‘active. Unselect this instead of deleting accounts.‘)) date_joined = models.DateTimeField(_(‘date joined‘), default=timezone.now) objects = UserManager() USERNAME_FIELD = ‘username‘ REQUIRED_FIELDS = [‘email‘] class Meta: verbose_name = _(‘user‘) verbose_name_plural = _(‘users‘) abstract = True def get_full_name(self): """ Returns the first_name plus the last_name, with a space in between. """ full_name = ‘%s %s‘ % (self.first_name, self.last_name) return full_name.strip() def get_short_name(self): "Returns the short name for the user." return self.first_name def email_user(self, subject, message, from_email=None, **kwargs): """ Sends an email to this User. """ send_mail(subject, message, from_email, [self.email], **kwargs) class User(AbstractUser): """ Users within the Django authentication system are represented by this model. Username, password and email are required. Other fields are optional. """ class Meta(AbstractUser.Meta): swappable = ‘AUTH_USER_MODEL‘
4.3.3 PermissionsMixin提供的這些方法和屬性：
is_superuser
布爾類型。 Designates that this user has all permissions without explicitly assigning them.
get_group_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, through their groups.
If obj is passed in, only returns the group permissions for this specific object.
get_all_permissions(obj=None)
Returns a set of permission strings that the user has, both through group and user permissions.
If obj is passed in, only returns the permissions for this specific object.
has_perm(perm, obj=None)
Returns True if the user has the specified permission, where perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>" (see permissions). If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for a permission for the model, but for this specific object.
has_perms(perm_list, obj=None)
Returns True if the user has each of the specified permissions, where each perm is in the format "<app label>.<permission codename>". If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.
If obj is passed in, this method won’t check for permissions for the model, but for the specific object.
has_module_perms(package_name)
Returns True if the user has any permissions in the given package (the Django app label). If the user is inactive, this method will always return False.
5.官方提供的一個完整的例子
這是一個管理器允許的自定義user這個用戶模型使用郵箱地址作為用戶名，並且要求填寫出生年月。it provides no permission checking, beyond a simple admin flag on the user account. This model would be compatible with all the built-in auth forms and views, except for the User creation forms. This example illustrates how most of the components work together, but is not intended to be copied directly into projects for production use.
# models.py from django.db import models from django.contrib.auth.models import ( BaseUserManager, AbstractBaseUser ) class MyUserManager(BaseUserManager): def create_user(self, email, date_of_birth, password=None): """ Creates and saves a User with the given email, date of birth and password. """ if not email: raise ValueError(‘Users must have an email address‘) user = self.model( email=self.normalize_email(email), date_of_birth=date_of_birth, ) user.set_password(password) user.save(using=self._db) return user def create_superuser(self, email, date_of_birth, password): """ Creates and saves a superuser with the given email, date of birth and password. """ user = self.create_user(email, password=password, date_of_birth=date_of_birth ) user.is_admin = True user.save(using=self._db) return user class MyUser(AbstractBaseUser): email = models.EmailField( verbose_name=‘email address‘, max_length=255, unique=True, ) date_of_birth = models.DateField() is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True) is_admin = models.BooleanField(default=False) objects = MyUserManager() USERNAME_FIELD = ‘email‘ REQUIRED_FIELDS = [‘date_of_birth‘] def get_full_name(self): # The user is identified by their email address return self.email def get_short_name(self): # The user is identified by their email address return self.email def __str__(self): # __unicode__ on Python 2 return self.email def has_perm(self, perm, obj=None): "Does the user have a specific permission?" # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always return True def has_module_perms(self, app_label): "Does the user have permissions to view the app `app_label`?" # Simplest possible answer: Yes, always return True @property def is_staff(self): "Is the user a member of staff?" # Simplest possible answer: All admins are staff return self.is_admin
可以看到manager定義了create_user()和create_superuser()方法，MyUser定義了USERNAME_FIELD,REQUIRED_FIELDS字段和get_full_name(),get_short_name()方法，為了能與admin一起使用，還定義了is_active,is_staff,has_perm(),has_module_perms()
要在admin中註冊自定義的MyUser，還需要在app的admin.py中重寫UserCreationForm和UserChangeForm：
# admin.py from django import forms from django.contrib import admin from django.contrib.auth.models import Group from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin from django.contrib.auth.forms import ReadOnlyPasswordHashField from customauth.models import MyUser class UserCreationForm(forms.ModelForm): """A form for creating new users. Includes all the required fields, plus a repeated password.""" password1 = forms.CharField(label=‘Password‘, widget=forms.PasswordInput) password2 = forms.CharField(label=‘Password confirmation‘, widget=forms.PasswordInput) class Meta: model = MyUser fields = (‘email‘, ‘date_of_birth‘) def clean_password2(self): # Check that the two password entries match password1 = self.cleaned_data.get("password1") password2 = self.cleaned_data.get("password2") if password1 and password2 and password1 != password2: raise forms.ValidationError("Passwords don‘t match") return password2 def save(self, commit=True): # Save the provided password in hashed format user = super(UserCreationForm, self).save(commit=False) user.set_password(self.cleaned_data["password1"]) if commit: user.save() return user class UserChangeForm(forms.ModelForm): """A form for updating users. Includes all the fields on the user, but replaces the password field with admin‘s password hash display field. """ password = ReadOnlyPasswordHashField() class Meta: model = MyUser fields = (‘email‘, ‘password‘, ‘date_of_birth‘, ‘is_active‘, ‘is_admin‘) def clean_password(self): # Regardless of what the user provides, return the initial value. # This is done here, rather than on the field, because the # field does not have access to the initial value return self.initial["password"] class MyUserAdmin(UserAdmin): # The forms to add and change user instances form = UserChangeForm add_form = UserCreationForm # The fields to be used in displaying the User model. # These override the definitions on the base UserAdmin # that reference specific fields on auth.User. list_display = (‘email‘, ‘date_of_birth‘, ‘is_admin‘) list_filter = (‘is_admin‘,) fieldsets = ( (None, {‘fields‘: (‘email‘, ‘password‘)}), (‘Personal info‘, {‘fields‘: (‘date_of_birth‘,)}), (‘Permissions‘, {‘fields‘: (‘is_admin‘,)}), ) # add_fieldsets is not a standard ModelAdmin attribute. UserAdmin # overrides get_fieldsets to use this attribute when creating a user. add_fieldsets = ( (None, { ‘classes‘: (‘wide‘,), ‘fields‘: (‘email‘, ‘date_of_birth‘, ‘password1‘, ‘password2‘)} ), ) search_fields = (‘email‘,) ordering = (‘email‘,) filter_horizontal = () # Now register the new UserAdmin... admin.site.register(MyUser, MyUserAdmin) # ... and, since we‘re not using Django‘s built-in permissions, # unregister the Group model from admin. admin.site.unregister(Group)
最後，別忘了在settings.py中定義AUTH_USER_MODEL:
AUTH_USER_MODEL = ‘customauth.MyUser‘
作者：常大鵬鏈接：http://www.jianshu.com/p/b993f4feff83來源：簡書著作權歸作者所有。商業轉載請聯系作者獲得授權，非商業轉載請註明出處。
如何正確使用 Django的User Model