python學習——練習題(12)
阿新 • • 發佈:2017-12-19
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""" 題目:判斷101-200之間有多少個素數,並輸出所有素數。 質數(prime number)又稱素數,有無限個。 質數定義為在大於1的自然數中,除了1和它本身以外不再有其他因數。 """ import math def answer1(): """ 根據素數定義,一個一個判斷 :return: """ print("輸出一", end=":") sumCount = 0 findTimes = 0 for i in range(101, 2000): for j in range(2, i): findTimes += 1 if i % j == 0: break else: print(i, end=",") sumCount += 1 print("共%d個" % sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) answer1() def answer2(): """ 上述判斷方法,明顯存在效率極低的問題。對於每個數n,其實並不需要從2判斷到n-1,我們知道,一個數若可以進行因數分解, 那麽分解時得到的兩個數一定是一個小於等於sqrt(n),一個大於等於sqrt(n),據此,上述代碼中並不需要遍歷到n-1,遍歷到sqrt(n)即可, 因為若sqrt(n)左側找不到約數,那麽右側也一定找不到約數。 :return: """ print("輸出二", end=":") sumCount = 0 findTimes = 0 for i in range(101, 2000): sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(i)) for j in range(2, sqrtNum + 1): findTimes += 1 if i % j == 0: break else: print(i, end=",") sumCount += 1 print("共%d個" % sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) answer2() def answer3(): """ 方法(2)應該是最常見的判斷算法了,時間復雜度O(sqrt(n)),速度上比方法(1)的O(n)快得多。最近在網上偶然看到另一種更高效的方法,暫且稱為方法(3)吧, 由於找不到原始的出處,這裏就不貼出鏈接了,如果有原創者看到,煩請聯系我,必定補上版權引用。下面講一下這種更快速的判斷方法; 首先看一個關於質數分布的規律:大於等於5的質數一定和6的倍數相鄰。例如5和7,11和13,17和19等等; 證明:令x≥1,將大於等於5的自然數表示如下: ······ 6x-1,6x,6x+1,6x+2,6x+3,6x+4,6x+5,6(x+1),6(x+1)+1 ······ 可以看到,不在6的倍數兩側,即6x兩側的數為6x+2,6x+3,6x+4,由於2(3x+1),3(2x+1),2(3x+2),所以它們一定不是素數,再除去6x本身, 顯然,素數要出現只可能出現在6x的相鄰兩側。這裏有個題外話,關於孿生素數,有興趣的道友可以再另行了解一下,由於與我們主題無關,暫且跳過。 這裏要註意的一點是,在6的倍數相鄰兩側並不是一定就是質數。 根據以上規律,判斷質數可以6個為單元快進,即將方法(2)循環中i++步長加大為6,加快判斷速度,代碼如下: 高手無處不在啊 由上可得,只要從96開始,每6個計算一次 :return: """ print("輸出三", end=":") sumCount = 0 findTimes = 0 for i in range(102, 2000, 6): for num in (i - 1, i + 1): sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(num)) for j in range(2, sqrtNum + 1): findTimes += 1 if num % j == 0: break else: print(num, end=",") sumCount += 1 print("共%d個" % sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) answer3() def answer4(): """ 上面的方法,高手還可以改進 因為上述可得,6x-1和6x+1坑定不會被6x,6x+2,6x+3,6x+4整除,弱它是素數,那麽它也是被6x-1或6x+1整除 所以上面方法,裏面的判斷也可以跨6來判斷 :return: """ print("輸出四", end=":") sumCount = 0 findTimes = 0 for i in range(102, 2000, 6): for num in (i - 1, i + 1): sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(num)) for j in range(5, sqrtNum + 1, 6): findTimes += 1 if num % j == 0 or num % (j + 2) == 0: break else: print(num, end=",") sumCount += 1 print("共%d個" % sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) answer4() def answer5(): """ 排除偶數,數組統計 :return: """ print("輸出五", end=":") findTimes = 0 numList = [] for i in range(101, 2000, 2): numList.append(str(i)) sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(i)) for j in range(2, sqrtNum + 1): findTimes += 1 if i % j == 0: numList.pop() break print(",".join(numList), end=",") print("共%d個" % len(numList), end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) answer5() class answer6: """ 練習叠代器 """ def __init__(self): """ 構造函數 """ self.sumCount = 0 self.findTimes = 0 self.startNum = 102 self.endNum = 2000 print("輸出六", end=":") def __iter__(self): """ 叠代器 :return: """ return self def __next__(self): """ 叠代器next :return: """ if self.startNum > self.endNum: raise StopIteration for num in (self.startNum - 1, self.startNum + 1): sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(num)) for i in range(5, sqrtNum + 1, 6): self.findTimes += 1 if num % i == 0 or num % (i + 2) == 0: break else: print(num, end=",") self.sumCount += 1 self.startNum += 6 answer = answer6() for i in answer: pass print("共%d個" % answer.sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % answer.findTimes) def answer7(): """ 練習yield生成器,註意和answer6區域 """ print("輸出七", end=":") startNum = 102 sumCount = 0 findTimes = 0 while startNum < 2000: for num in (startNum - 1, startNum + 1): sqrtNum = int(math.sqrt(num)) for i in range(5, sqrtNum + 1, 6): findTimes += 1 if num % i == 0 or num % (i + 2) == 0: break else: sumCount += 1 print(num, end=",") yield num startNum += 6 print("共%d個" % sumCount, end=",") print("共比較了%d次" % findTimes) for i in answer7(): pass def answer8(): """ 練習數組生成器表達式 參考:http://blog.csdn.net/u014745194/article/details/70176117 :return: """ print("輸出八", end=":") numList = list(filter(lambda x: x not in set([i for i in range(101, 200) for j in range(2, i - 1) if not i % j]), range(101, 200))) print(numList, end=",") print("共%d個" % len(numList)) answer8()
python學習——練習題(12)