第八章(5)
阿新 • • 發佈:2018-07-22
pip3 des 分組 最大值 url scrip 字典 length driver
- 元信息
- 多表關系
- 反向查找
- ORM操作
- 進階操作
- 其它操作
- 高效率關聯表
- models自帶驗證
- models內置鉤子
- from,choices
- Form類
- From內置鉤子驗證
- obj.is_valid()錯誤信息
1,元信息
class UserInfo(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) username = models.CharField(max_length=32) class Meta: # 數據庫中生成的表名稱 默認 app名稱 + 下劃線 + 類名 db_table = "table_name" # 聯合索引 index_together = [ ("pub_date", "deadline"), ] # 聯合唯一索引 unique_together = (("driver", "restaurant"),) # admin中顯示的表名稱 verbose_name # verbose_name加s verbose_name_plural #最前綴的模式 select * from where name=‘xxx‘ select * from where name=‘xxx‘ and email=‘xx‘ select * from where email=‘xx‘ 無法命中 unique_together = (("driver","restaurant"),)
https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6216618.html
2,多表關系
ForeignKey(ForeignObject) # ForeignObject(RelatedField) to, # 要進行關聯的表名 to_field=None, # 要關聯的表中的字段名稱 on_delete=None, # 當刪除關聯表中的數據時,當前表與其關聯的行的行為 - models.CASCADE,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯也刪除 - models.DO_NOTHING,刪除關聯數據,引發錯誤IntegrityError - models.PROTECT,刪除關聯數據,引發錯誤ProtectedError - models.SET_NULL,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯的值設置為null(前提FK字段需要設置為可空) - models.SET_DEFAULT,刪除關聯數據,與之關聯的值設置為默認值(前提FK字段需要設置默認值) - models.SET,刪除關聯數據, a. 與之關聯的值設置為指定值,設置:models.SET(值) b. 與之關聯的值設置為可執行對象的返回值,設置:models.SET(可執行對象) def func(): return 10 class MyModel(models.Model): user = models.ForeignKey( to="User", to_field="id" on_delete=models.SET(func),) related_name=None, # 反向操作時,使用的字段名,用於代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() related_query_name=None, # 反向操作時,使用的連接前綴,用於替換【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values(‘表名__字段名‘) limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中顯示關聯數據時,提供的條件: # 如: - limit_choices_to={‘nid__gt‘: 5} - limit_choices_to=lambda : {‘nid__gt‘: 5} from django.db.models import Q - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption=‘root‘) db_constraint=True # 是否在數據庫中創建外鍵約束 parent_link=False # 在Admin中是否顯示關聯數據 OneToOneField(ForeignKey) to, # 要進行關聯的表名 to_field=None # 要關聯的表中的字段名稱 on_delete=None, # 當刪除關聯表中的數據時,當前表與其關聯的行的行為 ###### 對於一對一 ###### # 1. 一對一其實就是 一對多 + 唯一索引 # 2.當兩個類之間有繼承關系時,默認會創建一個一對一字段 # 如下會在A表中額外增加一個c_ptr_id列且唯一: class C(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) part = models.CharField(max_length=12) class A(C): id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) code = models.CharField(max_length=1) ManyToManyField(RelatedField) to, # 要進行關聯的表名 related_name=None, # 反向操作時,使用的字段名,用於代替 【表名_set】 如: obj.表名_set.all() related_query_name=None, # 反向操作時,使用的連接前綴,用於替換【表名】 如: models.UserGroup.objects.filter(表名__字段名=1).values(‘表名__字段名‘) limit_choices_to=None, # 在Admin或ModelForm中顯示關聯數據時,提供的條件: # 如: - limit_choices_to={‘nid__gt‘: 5} - limit_choices_to=lambda : {‘nid__gt‘: 5} from django.db.models import Q - limit_choices_to=Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10) - limit_choices_to=lambda : Q(Q(nid=8) | Q(nid__gt=10)) & Q(caption=‘root‘) symmetrical=None, # 僅用於多對多自關聯時,symmetrical用於指定內部是否創建反向操作的字段 # 做如下操作時,不同的symmetrical會有不同的可選字段 models.BB.objects.filter(...) # 可選字段有:code, id, m1 class BB(models.Model): code = models.CharField(max_length=12) m1 = models.ManyToManyField(‘self‘,symmetrical=True) # 可選字段有: bb, code, id, m1 class BB(models.Model): code = models.CharField(max_length=12) m1 = models.ManyToManyField(‘self‘,symmetrical=False) through=None, # 自定義第三張表時,使用字段用於指定關系表 through_fields=None, # 自定義第三張表時,使用字段用於指定關系表中那些字段做多對多關系表 from django.db import models class Person(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50) class Group(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=128) members = models.ManyToManyField( Person, through=‘Membership‘, through_fields=(‘group‘, ‘person‘), ) class Membership(models.Model): group = models.ForeignKey(Group, on_delete=models.CASCADE) person = models.ForeignKey(Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE) inviter = models.ForeignKey( Person, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="membership_invites", ) invite_reason = models.CharField(max_length=64) db_constraint=True, # 是否在數據庫中創建外鍵約束 db_table=None, # 默認創建第三張表時,數據庫中表的名稱
3,反向操作
from django db import models class UserType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) class User(models.Model): user = models.CharField(max_length=64) pwd = models.CharField(max_length=64) ut = models.FareignKey(to=‘UserType‘,to_field=‘id‘) v = User.objects.all() for item in v: item.user item.pwd item.ut.name User.objects.all().values(‘user‘,‘ut_name‘) ### v = UserType.objects.all() for item in v: item.name item.id item.user_set.all() UserType.objects.all().values(‘name‘,‘user_set‘)
4,ORM操作
# 增 # # models.Tb1.objects.create(c1=‘xx‘, c2=‘oo‘) 增加一條數據,可以接受字典類型數據 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1(c1=‘xx‘, c2=‘oo‘) # obj.save() # 查 # # models.Tb1.objects.get(id=123) # 獲取單條數據,不存在則報錯(不建議) # models.Tb1.objects.all() # 獲取全部 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘) # 獲取指定條件的數據 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name=‘seven‘) # 獲取指定條件的數據 # 刪 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).delete() # 刪除指定條件的數據 # 改 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).update(gender=‘0‘) # 將指定條件的數據更新,均支持 **kwargs # obj = models.Tb1.objects.get(id=1) # obj.c1 = ‘111‘ # obj.save() # 修改單條數據基本操作
5,進階操作
# 獲取個數 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).count() # 大於,小於 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gt=1) # 獲取id大於1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__gte=1) # 獲取id大於等於1的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10) # 獲取id小於10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lte=10) # 獲取id小於10的值 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__lt=10, id__gt=1) # 獲取id大於1 且 小於10的值 # in # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # 獲取id等於11、22、33的數據 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(id__in=[11, 22, 33]) # not in # isnull 是否為空 # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__isnull=True) # contains (like) # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__contains="ven") # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name__icontains="ven") # icontains大小寫不敏感 # models.Tb1.objects.exclude(name__icontains="ven") # range 範圍 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(id__range=[1, 2]) # 範圍bettwen and # 其他類似 xxx開頭 xx結尾 # # startswith,istartswith, endswith, iendswith, # order by 排序 # # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).order_by(‘id‘) # asc 正向排序 # models.Tb1.objects.filter(name=‘seven‘).order_by(‘-id‘) # desc 逆向排序 # group by 分組 統計 # # from django.db.models import Count, Min, Max, Sum # models.Tb1.objects.filter(c1=1).values(‘id‘).annotate(c=Count(‘num‘)) # SELECT "app01_tb1"."id", COUNT("app01_tb1"."num") AS "c" FROM "app01_tb1" WHERE "app01_tb1"."c1" = 1 GROUP BY "app01_tb1"."id" # limit 、offset 分頁 # # models.Tb1.objects.all()[10:20] # regex正則匹配,iregex 不區分大小寫 # # Entry.objects.get(title__regex=r‘^(An?|The) +‘) # Entry.objects.get(title__iregex=r‘^(an?|the) +‘) 按時間查找 # date # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__date__gt=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1)) # year # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year=2005) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__year__gte=2005) # month # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month=12) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__month__gte=6) # day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day=3) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__day__gte=3) # week_day # # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day=2) # Entry.objects.filter(pub_date__week_day__gte=2) # hour # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour=23) # Event.objects.filter(time__hour=5) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__hour__gte=12) # minute # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute=29) # Event.objects.filter(time__minute=46) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__minute__gte=29) # second # # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second=31) # Event.objects.filter(time__second=2) # Event.objects.filter(timestamp__second__gte=31)
6,其他操作
################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self) # 獲取所有的數據對象 def filter(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs) # 條件查詢 # 條件可以是:參數,字典,Q def select_related(self, *fields) 性能相關:表之間進行join連表操作,一次性獲取關聯的數據。 model.tb.objects.all().select_related() model.tb.objects.all().select_related(‘外鍵字段‘) model.tb.objects.all().select_related(‘外鍵字段__外鍵字段‘) def prefetch_related(self, *lookups) 性能相關:多表連表操作時速度會慢,使用其執行多次SQL查詢在Python代碼中實現連表操作。 # 獲取所有用戶表 # 獲取用戶類型表where id in (用戶表中的查到的所有用戶ID) models.UserInfo.objects.prefetch_related(‘外鍵字段‘) from django.db.models import Count, Case, When, IntegerField Article.objects.annotate( numviews=Count(Case( When(readership__what_time__lt=treshold, then=1), output_field=CharField(), )) ) students = Student.objects.all().annotate(num_excused_absences=models.Sum( models.Case( models.When(absence__type=‘Excused‘, then=1), default=0, output_field=models.IntegerField() ))) def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs) # 用於實現聚合group by查詢 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT(ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 v = models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘u_id‘).annotate(uid=Count(‘u_id‘,distinct=True)).filter(uid__gt=1) # SELECT u_id, COUNT( DISTINCT ui_id) AS `uid` FROM UserInfo GROUP BY u_id having count(u_id) > 1 def distinct(self, *field_names) # 用於distinct去重 models.UserInfo.objects.values(‘nid‘).distinct() # select distinct nid from userinfo 註:只有在PostgreSQL中才能使用distinct進行去重 def order_by(self, *field_names) # 用於排序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-id‘,‘age‘) def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None) # 構造額外的查詢條件或者映射,如:子查詢 Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol > %s"}, select_params=(1,)) Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=%s‘], params=[‘Lennon‘]) Entry.objects.extra(where=["foo=‘a‘ OR bar = ‘a‘", "baz = ‘a‘"]) Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select id from tb where id > %s"}, select_params=(1,), order_by=[‘-nid‘]) def reverse(self): # 倒序 models.UserInfo.objects.all().order_by(‘-nid‘).reverse() # 註:如果存在order_by,reverse則是倒序,如果多個排序則一一倒序 def defer(self, *fields): models.UserInfo.objects.defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).defer(‘username‘,‘id‘) #映射中排除某列數據 def only(self, *fields): #僅取某個表中的數據 models.UserInfo.objects.only(‘username‘,‘id‘) 或 models.UserInfo.objects.filter(...).only(‘username‘,‘id‘) def using(self, alias): 指定使用的數據庫,參數為別名(setting中的設置) ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def raw(self, raw_query, params=None, translations=None, using=None): # 執行原生SQL models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘) # 如果SQL是其他表時,必須將名字設置為當前UserInfo對象的主鍵列名 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from 其他表‘) # 為原生SQL設置參數 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select id as nid from userinfo where nid>%s‘, params=[12,]) # 將獲取的到列名轉換為指定列名 name_map = {‘first‘: ‘first_name‘, ‘last‘: ‘last_name‘, ‘bd‘: ‘birth_date‘, ‘pk‘: ‘id‘} Person.objects.raw(‘SELECT * FROM some_other_table‘, translations=name_map) # 指定數據庫 models.UserInfo.objects.raw(‘select * from userinfo‘, using="default") ################### 原生SQL ################### from django.db import connection, connections cursor = connection.cursor() # cursor = connections[‘default‘].cursor() cursor.execute("""SELECT * from auth_user where id = %s""", [1]) row = cursor.fetchone() # fetchall()/fetchmany(..) def values(self, *fields): # 獲取每行數據為字典格式 def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): # 獲取每行數據為元祖 def dates(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容 # kind只能是:"year"(年), "month"(年-月), "day"(年-月-日) # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # 並獲取轉換後的時間 - year : 年-01-01 - month: 年-月-01 - day : 年-月-日 models.DatePlus.objects.dates(‘ctime‘,‘day‘,‘DESC‘) def datetimes(self, field_name, kind, order=‘ASC‘, tzinfo=None): # 根據時間進行某一部分進行去重查找並截取指定內容,將時間轉換為指定時區時間 # kind只能是 "year", "month", "day", "hour", "minute", "second" # order只能是:"ASC" "DESC" # tzinfo時區對象 models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.UTC) models.DDD.objects.datetimes(‘ctime‘,‘hour‘,tzinfo=pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai‘)) """ pip3 install pytz import pytz pytz.all_timezones pytz.timezone(‘Asia/Shanghai’) """ def none(self): # 空QuerySet對象 #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): # 聚合函數,獲取字典類型聚合結果 from django.db.models import Count, Avg, Max, Min, Sum result = models.UserInfo.objects.aggregate(k=Count(‘u_id‘, distinct=True), n=Count(‘nid‘)) ===> {‘k‘: 3, ‘n‘: 4} def count(self): # 獲取個數 def get(self, *args, **kwargs): # 獲取單個對象 def create(self, **kwargs): # 創建對象 def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): # 批量插入 # batch_size表示一次插入的個數 objs = [ models.DDD(name=‘r11‘), models.DDD(name=‘r22‘) ] models.DDD.objects.bulk_create(objs, 10) def get_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則獲取,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時,其他字段的值 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.get_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 2}) def update_or_create(self, defaults=None, **kwargs): # 如果存在,則更新,否則,創建 # defaults 指定創建時或更新時的其他字段 obj, created = models.UserInfo.objects.update_or_create(username=‘root1‘, defaults={‘email‘: ‘1111111‘,‘u_id‘: 2, ‘t_id‘: 1}) def first(self): # 獲取第一個 def last(self): # 獲取最後一個 def in_bulk(self, id_list=None): # 根據主鍵ID進行查找 id_list = [11,21,31] models.DDD.objects.in_bulk(id_list) def delete(self): # 刪除 def update(self, **kwargs): # 更新 def exists(self): # 是否有結果 其他操作
select id,count(id) from tab1 group by id having count(id) > 15; #Entry 跨表查詢 select,where #select Entry.objects.filter().extra(select={‘cid‘: "%s"},select_params=[1]) select * 1 as cid from tab1; Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "select col from sometable where othercol = %s" },select_params=[1]) select * (select name from tab2 where nid = id) as new_id from tab1; Entry.objects.extra(select={‘new_id‘: "func(id)"}) select * (select name from tb2 where nid = id) as new_id from tab1; #where Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=1‘,‘nid>1‘]) Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘headline=1 or nid=1‘]) Entry.objects.extra(where=[‘func(ctime)=1 or nid=1‘],params=[])
7,高效率關聯表
select_related users = models.User.objects.all().select_related(‘ut‘) for row in users: print(row.user,row.pwd,row.ut_id) print(row.ut.name) print(row.tu.name) #再發一次SQL請求 prefetch_related users = models.User.objects.filter(id_gt=30).prefetch_related(‘ut‘,‘tu‘) select * from users where id > 30 select * from user_type where id in [1,2] for row in users: print(row.user,row.pwd,row.ut_id) print(row.ut.name)
8,models自帶驗證
obj = models.UserInfo(name=‘alex‘,email=‘alex‘) obj.full_clean() obj.save() return HttpResponse(‘index‘)
9,models內置鉤子
class UserInfo(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) c = UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.name).count() if c: raise ValidationError(message=‘用戶名已經存在‘,code=‘li‘) ############## from django.forms import vidgets class UserInForm(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField( required=False, widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={‘class‘:‘c1‘}) ) pwd = fields.CharField( max_length=12, widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={‘class‘:‘c1‘}) ) #f 驗證 #生成HTML (保留上一次提交的數據) #新URL方式操作(Form方式) #Ajax請求 驗證(*) + 生成HTML 驗證(*)
10,from,choices
models.py from django.db import models # Create your models here. class UserInfo(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) email = models.EmailField() def clean(self): from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError c = UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.name).count() if c: raise ValidationError(message=‘用戶名已經存在‘,code=‘li‘) class UserType(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=32) def __str__(self): return self.name ########### from.py from django.forms import widgets from django import forms from django.forms import fields from app import models from django.forms.models import ModelChoiceField,ModelMultipleChoiceField class UserInfoForm(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField( required=False, widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={‘class‘:‘c1‘}) ) pwd = fields.CharField( max_length=12, widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={‘class‘:‘c1‘}) ) user_type = fields.ChoiceField( choices = [], widget=widgets.Select ) user_type2 = fields.ChoiceField(widget=widgets.Select(choices=[])) #django自帶 #ModelMultipleChoiceField多選 user_type3 = ModelChoiceField( empty_label=‘請選擇類型‘, queryset=models.UserType.objects.all(), to_field_name=‘id‘ ) def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): super(UserInfoForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs) self.fields[‘user_type‘].choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list(‘id‘,‘name‘) self.fields[‘user_type2‘].widget.choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list(‘id‘,‘name‘) ######### index.html <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <p>{{ obj.user }}</p> <p>{{ obj.pwd }}</p> <p>{{ obj.user_type }}</p> <p>{{ obj.user_type2 }}</p> <p>{{ obj.user_type3 }}</p> </body> </html>
11,Form類
創建Form類時,主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】,字段用於對用戶請求數據的驗證,插件用於自動生成HTML;
1、Django內置字段如下:
http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/6144178.html
Field required=True, 是否允許為空 widget=None, HTML插件 label=None, 用於生成Label標簽或顯示內容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text=‘‘, 幫助信息(在標簽旁邊顯示) error_messages=None, 錯誤信息 {‘required‘: ‘不能為空‘, ‘invalid‘: ‘格式錯誤‘} show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在當前插件後面再加一個隱藏的且具有默認值的插件(可用於檢驗兩次輸入是否一直) validators=[], 自定義驗證規則 localize=False, 是否支持本地化 disabled=False, 是否可以編輯 label_suffix=None Label內容後綴 CharField(Field) max_length=None, 最大長度 min_length=None, 最小長度 strip=True 是否移除用戶輸入空白 IntegerField(Field) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 FloatField(IntegerField) ... DecimalField(IntegerField) max_value=None, 最大值 min_value=None, 最小值 max_digits=None, 總長度 decimal_places=None, 小數位長度 BaseTemporalField(Field) input_formats=None 時間格式化 DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01 TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12 DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12 DurationField(Field) 時間間隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f ... RegexField(CharField) regex, 自定制正則表達式 max_length=None, 最大長度 min_length=None, 最小長度 error_message=None, 忽略,錯誤信息使用 error_messages={‘invalid‘: ‘...‘} EmailField(CharField) ... FileField(Field) allow_empty_file=False 是否允許空文件 ImageField(FileField) ... 註:需要PIL模塊,pip3 install Pillow 以上兩個字典使用時,需要註意兩點: - form表單中 enctype="multipart/form-data" - view函數中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES) URLField(Field) ... BooleanField(Field) ... NullBooleanField(BooleanField) ... ChoiceField(Field) ... choices=(), 選項,如:choices = ((0,‘上海‘),(1,‘北京‘),) required=True, 是否必填 widget=None, 插件,默認select插件 label=None, Label內容 initial=None, 初始值 help_text=‘‘, 幫助提示 ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField queryset, # 查詢數據庫中的數據 empty_label="---------", # 默認空顯示內容 to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值對應的字段 limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中對queryset二次篩選 ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField) ... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 對選中的值進行一次轉換 empty_value= ‘‘ 空值的默認值 MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField) ... TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField) coerce = lambda val: val 對選中的每一個值進行一次轉換 empty_value= ‘‘ 空值的默認值 ComboField(Field) fields=() 使用多個驗證,如下:即驗證最大長度20,又驗證郵箱格式 fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),]) MultiValueField(Field) PS: 抽象類,子類中可以實現聚合多個字典去匹配一個值,要配合MultiWidget使用 SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField) input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:[‘%Y--%m--%d‘, ‘%m%d/%Y‘, ‘%m/%d/%y‘] input_time_formats=None 格式列表:[‘%H:%M:%S‘, ‘%H:%M:%S.%f‘, ‘%H:%M‘] FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件選項,目錄下文件顯示在頁面中 path, 文件夾路徑 match=None, 正則匹配 recursive=False, 遞歸下面的文件夾 allow_files=True, 允許文件 allow_folders=False, 允許文件夾 required=True, widget=None, label=None, initial=None, help_text=‘‘ GenericIPAddressField protocol=‘both‘, both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式 unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1時候,可解析為192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必須為both才能啟用 SlugField(CharField) 數字,字母,下劃線,減號(連字符) ... UUIDField(CharField) uuid類型
12,From內置鉤子驗證
##### views.py from django.shortcuts import render from app.forms import RegisterForm # Create your views here. def index(request): if request.method == "GET": obj = RegisterForm() #傳遞默認值 #obj = RegisterForm({‘user‘:‘alex‘}) return render(request,‘index.html‘,{‘obj‘:obj}) elif request.method == "POST": obj = RegisterForm(request.POST,request.FILES) obj.is_valid() #### froms.py from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError class RegisterForm(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField() email = fields.EmailField def clean_user(self): c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data[‘user‘]).count() if not c: return self.cleaned_data[‘user‘] else: raise ValidationError(‘用戶名已經存在‘,code=‘xx‘) def clean_email(self): return self.cleaned_data[‘email‘] class LoginFrom(forms.Form): user = fields.CharField() pwd = fields.CharField() #自定義表達式 #pwd = fields.CharField(validators=[]) #驗證用戶是否存在 def clean_user(self): c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data[‘user‘]).count() if not c: return self.cleaned_data[‘user‘] else: raise ValidationError(‘用戶名已經存在‘, code=‘xx‘) #驗證密碼是否正確 def clean(self): c = models.UserInfo.objects.filter(name=self.cleaned_data[‘user‘],pwd=self.cleaned_data[‘password‘]).count() if c: return self.cleaned_data else: raise ValidationError(‘用戶名或密碼錯誤‘) #其他鉤子 def _post_clean(self): pass
from驗證
urls.py from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from django.conf.urls import url,include #from app import views from app.views import test from app.views import account urlpatterns = [ #path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), url(r‘^index/‘,test.index), url(r‘^login.html$‘,account.login), ] #### index.py from django.shortcuts import render from app.forms import UserInfoForm # Create your views here. def index(request): if request.method == "GET": obj = UserInfoForm() #傳遞默認值 #obj = UserInfoForm({‘user‘:‘alex‘}) return render(request,‘index.html‘,{‘obj‘:obj}) elif request.method == "POST": obj = UserInfoForm(request.POST,request.FILES) obj.is_valid() #### login.html <!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>login</title> </head> <body> <form id="fm"> {% csrf_token %} <p><input type="text" name="username" /></p> <p><input type="text" name="password" /></p> <a id="submit">提交</a> </form> <script src="/static/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script> <script> $(function(){ $(‘$submit‘).click(function(){ $.ajax({ url:‘/login.html‘, type: ‘POST‘, data: $(‘#fm‘).serialize(), success: function(arg){ arg = JSON.parse(arg); console.log(arg); }, error: function(){ } }) }) }) </script> </body> </html> #### account.py from django.forms import fields from django.forms import widgets from django import forms from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse class LoginFrom(forms.Form): username = fields.CharField() password = fields.CharField( max_length=64, min_length=12, ) ###自定義jsnon 默認json只支持python類型 from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError import json class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self,field): if isinstance(field,ValidationError): return {‘code‘: field.code,‘messages‘:field.message} else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field) def login(request): if request.method == ‘GET‘: return render(request,‘login.html‘) elif request.method == "POST": ret = {‘status‘:True,‘error‘:None,‘date‘:None} obj = LoginFrom(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): print(obj.cleaned_data) else: ret[‘error‘] = obj.error.as_data() result = json.dumps(ret,cls=JsonCustomEncoder) return HttpResponse(result)
自定義json
第一種 from django.core import serializrs v = models.tb.objects.all() data = serializers.serialize("json",v) 第二種 import json from datetime import date from datetime import datetime class JsonCustomEncoder(json.JSONEncoder): def default(self,field): if isinstance(field,datetime): return field.atrftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%s‘) elif isinstance(field,date): return field.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d‘) else: return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field) v = models.tb.objects.values(‘id‘,‘name‘,‘ctime‘) v = list(v) v = json.dumps(v,cls=JsonCustomEncoder) ##################### v = models.UserType.objects.values(‘id‘,‘name‘) v = list(v) return HttpResponse(json.dumps(v))
登錄驗證嗎
if request,method == POST: if request.session[‘CheckCode‘].upper() == request.POST.get(‘check_code‘).upper(): pass else: print(‘驗證碼錯誤‘) return render(request,‘login.html‘)
12,obj.is_valid()錯誤信息
from app01.forms import RegisterForm from django.core.excptions import NON_FIELD_ERRORS #NON_FIELD_ERRORS = __all__ obj = RegisterForm(request.POST) if obj.is_valid(): obj.cleand_data else: obj.errros { "__all__": [], ‘user‘:[{‘code‘:‘required‘,‘message‘:‘xxx‘}], ‘pwd‘:[{‘code‘:‘required‘,‘message‘:‘xxx‘}], }
第八章(5)