Linux中詳細部署mysql主從
在現代企業中，數據顯得尤為重要，而存儲數據的數據庫選擇又五花八門，但無論是何種數據庫，均存在著一種隱患。
想幾個問題：
用一臺數據庫存放數據，若此數據庫服務器掛了導致數據丟失怎麽辦？
業務量大了，數據多了，訪問的人多了，一臺數據庫無法保證服務質量了怎麽辦？
2.主從作用
實時災備，用於故障切換
讀寫分離，提供查詢服務
備份，避免影響業務
3.主從形式
一主一從
主主復制
一主多從---擴展系統讀取的性能，因為讀是在從庫讀取的
多主一從---5.7版本開始支持
聯級復制
4.主從復制原理
1.主庫將所有的寫操作記錄到binlog日誌中並生成一個log dump線程，通過log dump線程將binlog日誌傳給從庫的I/O線程
3.I/O線程去請求主庫的binlog，並將得到的binlog日誌寫入到relay log （中繼日誌）文件中
4.SQL線程，會讀取relay log 文件中的日誌，並解析成具體操作，來實現主從的操作一致，達到最終數據一致的目的。
*5.主從復制配置
主從復制配置步驟：
1.確保從數據庫與主數據庫裏的數據一樣
2.在主數據庫裏創建一個同步賬號授權給從數據庫使用
3.配置主數據庫（修改配置文件）
4.配置從數據庫（修改配置文件）
環境說明：
| 數據庫角色 | IP | 應用與系統版本 | 有無數據 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 主數據庫 | 192.168.209.12 | Centos7/redhat7/ mysql-5.7 | 無數據 |
| 從數據庫 | 192.168.209.13 | Centos7/redhat7/ mysql-5.7 | 無數據 |
需求：搭建兩臺mysql服務器，一臺作為主服務器192.168.209.12，一臺作為從服務器192.168.209.13，主服務器進行寫操作，從服務器進行操作。 說明：//分別在主從兩臺服務器上安裝mysql-5.7版本 ** 主服務器和從服務器上分別都要安裝mysql** ********************************mysql安裝**************************** //關閉防火墻及selinux //安裝依賴 包 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel //創建用戶和組 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# cd /usr/src/ [root@lanzhiyong src]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql [root@lanzhiyong src]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql //下載二進制格式的mysql軟件包 [root@lanzhiyong src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz //解壓軟件至/usr/local [root@lanzhiyong src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@lanzhiyong src]# cd /usr/local/ //創建軟連接 [root@lanzhiyong local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql //修改目錄/usr/local/mysql的屬主屬組 [root@lanzhiyong local]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql [root@lanzhiyong local]# ll /usr/local/mysql //添加環境變量 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql [root@lanzhiyong ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@lanzhiyong ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh [root@lanzhiyong ~]# echo $PATH //建立數據存放目錄 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# mkdir /opt/data [root@lanzhiyong ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/ [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ll /opt/ 總用量 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 mysql mysql 6 8月 19 13:20 data //初始化數據庫 註意這個命令後會生成臨時密碼 要記住 jd?ajfrKY4pQ [root@lanzhiyong ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/data/ //配置mysql //軟連接 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql [root@lanzhiyong ~]# echo ‘/usr/local/mysql/lib‘ > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ldconfig -v //生成配置文件 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf << EOF > [mysqld] > basedir = /usr/local/mysql > datadir = /opt/data > socket = /tmp/mysql.sock > port = 3306 > pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid > user = mysql > skip-name-resolve > EOF //配置服務啟動腳本 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@lanzhiyong ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).*#\1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld [root@lanzhiyong ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).*#\1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld //啟動mysql [root@lanzhiyong ~]# service mysqld start [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ps -ef |grep mysql [root@lanzhiyong ~]# ss -antl LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::* //修改密碼 使用臨時密碼登入 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# mysql -uroot -p jd?ajfrKY4pQ 這是以上步驟的臨時密碼 mysql> set password = password(‘lanzhiyong‘); #############查看主庫有哪些庫###################3 [root@lanzhiyong ~]# mysql -uroot -p Enter password: //上面設置的密碼
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#####################查看從庫有哪些庫#############
[root@lan ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement.
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
###############現在在主服務上添加四個數據庫########
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| lan |
| lanzhiyong |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| zhi |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//進入lanzhiyong數據庫裏添加一個lanzhi表
mysql> use lanzhiyong;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+----------------------+
| Tables_in_lanzhiyong |
+----------------------+
| lanzhi |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
//查看表的內容
mysql> select * from lanzhi;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | lan | 10 |
| 2 | cs | 90 |
| 3 | lol | 66 |
| 4 | pp | 33 |
+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)//全備主庫
//先退出之前的數據庫，全備主庫時需要另外打開一個終端，再開一臺192.168.209.12 的服務器，給數據庫加上讀鎖，避免在備份期間與其他人在寫入導致數據不一致
//加上讀鎖之後只能讀不能寫
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
//備份主庫將備份文件傳送到從庫
[root@lanzhiyong ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p --all-databases > all.sql
[root@lanzhiyong ~]# scp all.sql [email protected]:/root/
The authenticity of host ‘192.168.209.13 (192.168.209.13)‘ can‘t be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:lOImReX4QGLGm5Qibnn4osotw9PoMtSRGLRaK1JAs4w.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:e4:1a:5f:28:d1:e0:2a:28:50:1a:1e:9c:cd:23:03:9d.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added ‘192.168.209.13‘ (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
[email protected]‘s password:
all.sql 100% 784KB 24.4MB/s 00:00
//解除主庫的鎖表狀態
mysql> quit
Bye
//從庫 登入先 再讀取主庫傳來的備份
[root@lan ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
mysql> source all.sql;
#讀取了之後 主庫的所有數據在從庫上確保一致
//在主數據庫裏創建一個同步賬號授權給從數據庫使用
mysql> create user ‘repl‘@‘192.168.209.13‘ identified by ‘repl123‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
//在主數據庫授權復制給從數據庫
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to ‘repl‘@‘192.168.209.13‘;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//刷新權限
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
##############配置主數據庫###################
[root@lanzhiyong ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
log-error=/opt/data/mysql.log //添加錯誤日誌目錄
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
#replication
log-bin=mysql_bin //添加啟用binlog日誌
server-id=3 //添加數據庫服務器唯一標識符，主庫的server-id值必須比從庫的大
[root@lanzhiyong ~]# service mysqld restart
[root@lanzhiyong ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
//查看主庫的狀態
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+---- ---------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 | 154 | | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
##################配置從數據庫##################
[root@lan ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
log-error=/opt/data/mysql.log //添加錯誤日誌目錄
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
#replication
server-id=5 //添加從庫的唯一標識符，從庫的server-id值必須小於主庫的值
relay-log=mysql_relay_log //添加中繼日誌文件
[root@lan ~]# service mysqld restart
[root@lan ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*
//從庫配置並啟動從復制
mysql> change master to master_host=‘192.168.209.12‘,
master_user=‘repl‘,
master_password=‘repl123‘,
master_log_file=‘mysql_bin.000001‘,
master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
//查看從服務器狀態
mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
Master_Host: 192.168.209.12
Master_User: repl
Master_Port: 3306
Connect_Retry: 60
Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000002
Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay_log.000003
Relay_Log_Pos: 367
Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000002
Slave_IO_Running: Yes
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
Replicate_Do_DB:
Replicate_Ignore_DB:
Replicate_Do_Table:
Replicate_Ignore_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
Last_Errno: 0
Last_Error:
Skip_Counter: 0
Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 154
Relay_Log_Space: 740
Until_Condition: None
Until_Log_File:
Until_Log_Pos: 0
Master_SSL_Allowed: No
Master_SSL_CA_File:
Master_SSL_CA_Path:
Master_SSL_Cert:
Master_SSL_Cipher:
Master_SSL_Key:
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
Last_IO_Errno: 0
Last_IO_Error:
Last_SQL_Errno: 0
Last_SQL_Error:
Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
Master_Server_Id: 3
Master_UUID: 3bcb9f5a-b269-11e8-aeca-000c2947a37d
Master_Info_File: /opt/data/master.info
SQL_Delay: 0
SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
Master_Retry_Count: 86400
Master_Bind:
Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
Master_SSL_Crl:
Master_SSL_Crlpath:
Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
Executed_Gtid_Set:
Auto_Position: 0
Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
Channel_Name:
Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
#######主庫插入記錄驗證#########//在主庫裏的lanzhiyong庫裏lanzhi表裏添加幾條記錄，驗證是否能同步
mysql> select from lanzhi;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | lan | 10 |
| 2 | cs | 90 |
| 3 | lol | 66 |
| 4 | pp | 33 |
+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into lanzhi (id,name,age) values (5,‘AA‘,23),(6,‘BB‘,45),(7,‘CC‘,100);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.03 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings:
mysql> select from lanzhi;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | lan | 10 |
| 2 | cs | 90 |
| 3 | lol | 66 |
| 4 | pp | 33 |
| 5 | AA | 23 |
| 6 | BB | 45 |
| 7 | CC | 100 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
############從庫看是否同步###########3
mysql> select * from lanzhi;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | lan | 10 |
| 2 | cs | 90 |
| 3 | lol | 66 |
| 4 | pp | 33 |
| 5 | AA | 23 |
| 6 | BB | 45 |
| 7 | CC | 100 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
Linux中詳細部署mysql主從