1. 程式人生 > >201771010106東文財《面向對象程序設計(java)》 實驗6

201771010106東文財《面向對象程序設計(java)》 實驗6

修飾符 tac attention 退出 desc ont 調試 代碼註釋 man

實驗六繼承定義與使用

實驗時間 2018-9-28

一.知識總結

1、繼承的概述:在多個類中存在相同的屬性和行為,把這些相同的部分抽取到一個單獨的類中,把這個單獨的類叫作父類,也叫基類或者超類,把其他被抽取的類叫作子類,並且父類的所有屬性和方法(除private修飾的私有屬性和方法外),子類都可以調用。這樣的一種行為就叫做繼承。(相同的東西在父類,不同的東西在子類)

2、繼承的關鍵字:extends

3、繼承的格式:class 子類名 extends 父類名{ }

4、在代碼中使用繼承提高了代碼的復用性和維護性,讓類與類直接產生了關系。

5、繼承的註意點:

①子類只能繼承父類所有的非私有的成員方法和成員變量,private修飾的不能繼承。

②子類不能繼承父類的構造方法,但可以通過 super 關鍵字去訪問父類的構造方法。(先初始化父類,再執行自己)

③不同包不能繼承。

6、在使用 super 的時候,我們還需要了解關鍵字 super 和 this 的區別:

super :到父類中去找方法,沒有引用的作用;也可以用於其他方法中;與this調用構造方的重載一樣,用於第一行。

this:是指當前正在初始化的這個對象的引用。

二.實驗部分:

1、實驗目的與要求

(1) 理解繼承的定義;

(2) 掌握子類的定義要求

(3) 掌握多態性的概念及用法;

(4) 掌握抽象類的定義及用途;

(5) 掌握類中4個成員訪問權限修飾符的用途;

(6) 掌握抽象類的定義方法及用途;

(7)掌握Object類的用途及常用API;

(8) 掌握ArrayList類的定義方法及用法;

(9) 掌握枚舉類定義方法及用途。

2、實驗內容和步驟

實驗1: 導入第5章示例程序,測試並進行代碼註釋。

測試程序1:

? 在elipse IDE中編輯、調試、運行程序5-1 (教材152頁-153頁) ;

? 掌握子類的定義及用法;

? 結合程序運行結果,理解並總結OO風格程序構造特點,理解Employee和Manager類的關系子類的用途,並在代碼中添加註釋。

package inheritance;

import java.time.*; public class Employee { private String name; private double salary; private LocalDate hireDay; //構建三個私有對象 public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day); } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public LocalDate getHireDay() { return hireDay; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } }

package inheritance;

public class Manager extends Employee
//關鍵字extends表示繼承。表明正在構造一個新類派生於一個已經存在的類。已經存在的類稱為超類/基類/或者父類;新類稱為子類/派生類/或者孩子類。 {
private double bonus; /** * @param name the employee‘s name * @param salary the salary * @param year the hire year * @param month the hire month * @param day the hire day */ public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day) { super(name, salary, year, month, day);
//調用超類中含有n,s,year,month,day參數的構造器 bonus
= 0; } public double getSalary()
//子類要想訪問要想訪問超類中的方法需要使用特定的關鍵字super, {
double baseSalary = super.getSalary(); return baseSalary + bonus; } public void setBonus(double b) { bonus = b; } }

package inheritance;

/**
 * This program demonstrates inheritance.
 * @version 1.21 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ManagerTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // 構建管理者對象
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);

      Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];

      //  用管理者和雇員對象填充工作人員數組

      staff[0] = boss;
      staff[1] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);
      staff[2] = new Employee("Tommy Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15);

      // 打印所有員工對象的信息
      for (Employee e : staff)
         System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
   }
}

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

測試程序2:

? 編輯、編譯、調試運行教材PersonTest程序(教材163頁-165頁);

? 掌握超類的定義及其使用要求;

? 掌握利用超類擴展子類的要求;

? 在程序中相關代碼處添加新知識的註釋。

package abstractClasses;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee extends Person
{
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name);
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }
    //重寫父類方法,返回一個格式化的字符串
   public String getDescription()
   {
      return String.format("an employee with a salary of $%.2f", salary);
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

package abstractClasses;

public abstract class Person
{
//包含一個或多個抽象方法的類被稱為抽象類,由abstract關鍵字修飾
public abstract String getDescription(); private String name; public Person(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } }

package abstractClasses;

/**
 * This program demonstrates abstract classes.
 * @version 1.01 2004-02-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PersonTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
//抽象類的聲明,但不能將抽象類實例化 ,實例化的是Person類的子類 Person[] people
= new Person[2]; // 用學生和雇員填充人物數組

people[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1); people[1] = new Student("Maria Morris", "computer science"); // 打印所有人對象的名稱和描述 for (Person p : people) System.out.println(p.getName() + ", " + p.getDescription()); } }

package abstractClasses;

public class Student extends Person
{
   private String major;

   /**
    * @param nama the student‘s name
    * @param major the student‘s major
    */
   public Student(String name, String major)
   {
      // 通過n to 總綱構造函數
      super(name);
      this.major = major;
   }

   public String getDescription()
   {
      return "a student majoring in " + major;
   }
}

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

測試程序3:

? 編輯、編譯、調試運行教材程序5-8、5-9、5-10,結合程序運行結果理解程序(教材174頁-177頁);

? 掌握Object類的定義及用法;

? 在程序中相關代碼處添加新知識的註釋。

package equals;

import java.time.*;
import java.util.Objects;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      //這裏獲得一個對象參數,第一個if語句判斷兩個引用是否是同一個,如果是那麽這兩個對象肯定相等
      if (this == otherObject) return true;

      //  如果顯式參數為空,則必須返回false
      if (otherObject == null) return false;

      // if the classes don‘t match, they can‘t be equal
      if (getClass() != otherObject.getClass()) return false;

      // 現在我們知道另一個對象是非空雇員
      Employee other = (Employee) otherObject;

      // test whether the fields have identical values
      return Objects.equals(name, other.name) && salary == other.salary && Objects.equals(hireDay, other.hireDay);
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return Objects.hash(name, salary, hireDay); 
   }

   public String toString()// toString()方法
   {
      return getClass().getName() + "[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay
            + "]";
   }
}

package equals;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the equals method.
 * @version 1.12 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EqualsTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Employee alice1 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee alice2 = alice1;
      Employee alice3 = new Employee("Alice Adams", 75000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Employee bob = new Employee("Bob Brandson", 50000, 1989, 10, 1);

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice2: " + (alice1 == alice2));

      System.out.println("alice1 == alice3: " + (alice1 == alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(alice3): " + alice1.equals(alice3));

      System.out.println("alice1.equals(bob): " + alice1.equals(bob));

      System.out.println("bob.toString(): " + bob);

      Manager carl = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      Manager boss = new Manager("Carl Cracker", 80000, 1987, 12, 15);
      boss.setBonus(5000);
      System.out.println("boss.toString(): " + boss);
      System.out.println("carl.equals(boss): " + carl.equals(boss));
      System.out.println("alice1.hashCode(): " + alice1.hashCode());
      System.out.println("alice3.hashCode(): " + alice3.hashCode());
      System.out.println("bob.hashCode(): " + bob.hashCode());
      System.out.println("carl.hashCode(): " + carl.hashCode());
   }
}

package equals;

public class Manager extends Employee
{
   private double bonus;

   public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      super(name, salary, year, month, day);
      bonus = 0;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
      return baseSalary + bonus;
   }

   public void setBonus(double bonus)
   {
      this.bonus = bonus;
   }

   public boolean equals(Object otherObject)
   {
      if (!super.equals(otherObject)) return false;
      Manager other = (Manager) otherObject;
      // 檢查這個和其他屬於同一個類
      return bonus == other.bonus;
   }

   public int hashCode()
   {
      return java.util.Objects.hash(super.hashCode(), bonus);
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return super.toString() + "[bonus=" + bonus + "]";
   }
}

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

測試程序4:

? 在elipse IDE中調試運行程序5-11(教材182頁),結合程序運行結果理解程序;

? 掌握ArrayList類的定義及用法;

? 在程序中相關代碼處添加新知識的註釋。

package arrayList;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the ArrayList class.
 * @version 1.11 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class ArrayListTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      // 用三個雇員對象填充工作人員數組列表    
ArrayList<Employee> staff = new ArrayList<>(); staff.add(new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000, 1987, 12, 15)); staff.add(new Employee("Harry Hacker", 50000, 1989, 10, 1)); staff.add(new Employee("Tony Tester", 40000, 1990, 3, 15)); //把每個人的薪水提高5% for (Employee e : staff) e.raiseSalary(5); // 打印所有員工對象的信息 for (Employee e : staff) System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary() + ",hireDay=" + e.getHireDay()); } }

package arrayList;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

測試程序5:

? 編輯、編譯、調試運行程序5-12(教材189頁),結合運行結果理解程序;

? 掌握枚舉類的定義及用法;

? 在程序中相關代碼處添加新知識的註釋。

package enums;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates enumerated types.
 * @version 1.0 2004-05-24
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EnumTest
{  
   private static Scanner in;

public static void main(String[] args)
   {  
      in = new Scanner(System.in);
      System.out.print("Enter a size: (SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE, EXTRA_LARGE) ");
      String input = in.next().toUpperCase();
      Size size = Enum.valueOf(Size.class, input);
      System.out.println("size=" + size);
      System.out.println("abbreviation=" + size.getAbbreviation());
      if (size == Size.EXTRA_LARGE)
         System.out.println("Good job--you paid attention to the _.");      
   }
}

enum Size
{
   SMALL("S"), MEDIUM("M"), LARGE("L"), EXTRA_LARGE("XL");

   private Size(String abbreviation) { this.abbreviation = abbreviation; }
   public String getAbbreviation() { return abbreviation; }

   private String abbreviation;
}

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

實驗2編程練習1

? 定義抽象類Shape:

屬性:不可變常量double PI,值為3.14;

方法:public double getPerimeter();public double getArea())。

? 讓Rectangle與Circle繼承自Shape類。

? 編寫double sumAllArea方法輸出形狀數組中的面積和和double sumAllPerimeter方法輸出形狀數組中的周長和。

? main方法中

1)輸入整型值n,然後建立n個不同的形狀。如果輸入rect,則再輸入長和寬。如果輸入cir,則再輸入半徑。
2) 然後輸出所有的形狀的周長之和,面積之和。並將所有的形狀信息以樣例的格式輸出。
3) 最後輸出每個形狀的類型與父類型,使用類似shape.getClass()(獲得類型),shape.getClass().getSuperclass()(獲得父類型);

思考sumAllArea和sumAllPerimeter方法放在哪個類中更合適?

輸入樣例:

3

rect

1 1

rect

2 2

cir

1

輸出樣例:

18.28

8.14

[Rectangle [width=1, length=1], Rectangle [width=2, length=2], Circle [radius=1]]

class Rectangle,class Shape

class Rectangle,class Shape

class Circle,class Shape

package shape;

    import java.math.*;
    import java.util.*;
    import shape.shape;
    import shape.Rectangle;
    import shape.Circle;

    public class shapecount 
    {

        public static void main(String[] args) 
        {
            Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
            String rect = "rect";
            String cir = "cir";
            System.out.print("請輸入形狀個數:");
            int n = in.nextInt();
            shape[] score = new shape[n];
            for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
            {
                System.out.println("請輸入形狀類型 (rect or cir):");
                String input = in.next();
                if(input.equals(rect))
                {
                    double length = in.nextDouble();
                    double width = in.nextDouble();
                    System.out.println("Rectangle["+"length:"+length+"  width:"+width+"]");
                    score[i] = new Rectangle(width,length);
                }
                if(input.equals(cir)) 
                {
                    double radius = in.nextDouble();
                    System.out.println("Circle["+"radius:"+radius+"]");
                    score[i] = new Circle(radius);
                }
            }
            shapecount c = new shapecount();
            System.out.println(c.sumAllPerimeter(score));
            System.out.println(c.sumAllArea(score));
            for(shape s:score) 
            {

                System.out.println(s.getClass()+",  "+s.getClass().getSuperclass());
            }
        }

        public double sumAllArea(shape score[])
        {
             double sum = 0;
             for(int i = 0;i<score.length;i++)
                 sum+= score[i].getArea();
             return sum;
        }
        
        public double sumAllPerimeter(shape score[])
        {
             double sum = 0;
             for(int i = 0;i<score.length;i++)
                 sum+= score[i].getPerimeter();
             return sum;
        }
        
    }

    package shape;

    public class Rectangle extends shape
    {
        private double width;
        private double length;
        public Rectangle(double w,double l)
        {
            this.width = w;
            this.length = l;
        }
        public double getPerimeter()
        {
            double Perimeter = (width+length)*2;
            return Perimeter;
        }
        public double getArea()
        {
            double Area = width*length;
            return Area;
        }

          public String toString()
          {
              return getClass().getName() + "[ width=" +  width + "]"+ "[length=" + length + "]";
          }
    }

    package shape;

    public abstract class shape
    {
        double PI = 3.14;
        public abstract double  getPerimeter();
        public abstract double  getArea();
    }

package shape;

    public class Circle extends shape
    {

        private double radius;
        public Circle(double r)
        {
            radius = r;
        }
        public double getPerimeter()
        {
            double Perimeter = 2*PI*radius;
            return Perimeter;
        }
        public double getArea()
        {
            double Area = PI*radius*radius;
            return Area;
        }
        public String toString()
          {
              return  getClass().getName() + "[radius=" + radius + "]";
       }  
    }

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

實驗3編程練習2

編制一個程序,將身份證號.txt 中的信息讀入到內存中,輸入一個身份證號或姓名,查詢顯示查詢對象的姓名、身份證號、年齡、性別和出生地。

package qq;


    import java.io.BufferedReader;
    import java.io.File;
    import java.io.FileInputStream;
    import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.InputStreamReader;
    import java.util.ArrayList;
    import java.util.Scanner;

    public class Test{
        private static ArrayList<Citizen> citizenlist;
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            citizenlist = new ArrayList<>();
            Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
            File file = new File("D:\\身份證號.txt");
            try {
                FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
                String temp = null;
                while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) {
                    
                    Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
                    
                    linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");    
                    String name = linescanner.next();
                    String id = linescanner.next();
                    String sex = linescanner.next();
                    String age = linescanner.next();
                    String address =linescanner.nextLine();
                    Citizen citizen = new Citizen();
                    citizen.setName(name);
                    citizen.setId(id);
                    citizen.setSex(sex);
                    citizen.setAge(age);
                    citizen.setAddress(address);
                    citizenlist.add(citizen);

                }
            } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
                System.out.println("信息文件找不到");
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                System.out.println("信息文件讀取錯誤");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            boolean isTrue = true;
            while (isTrue) {

                System.out.println("1.按姓名查詢");
                System.out.println("2.按身份證號查詢");
                System.out.println("3.退出");
                int nextInt = scanner.nextInt();
                switch (nextInt) {
                case 1:
                    System.out.println("請輸入姓名");
                    String citizenname = scanner.next();
                    int nameint = findCitizenByname(citizenname);
                    if (nameint != -1) {
                        System.out.println("查找信息為:身份證號:"
                                + citizenlist.get(nameint).getId() + "    姓名:"
                                + citizenlist.get(nameint).getName() +"    性別:"
                                +citizenlist.get(nameint).getSex()   +"    年齡:"
                                +citizenlist.get(nameint).getAge()+"  地址:"
                                +citizenlist.get(nameint).getAddress()
                                );
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("不存在該公民");
                    }
                    break;
                case 2:
                    System.out.println("請輸入身份證號");
                    String citizenid = scanner.next();
                    int idint = findCitizenByid(citizenid);
                    if (idint != -1) {
                        System.out.println("查找信息為:身份證號:"
                                + citizenlist.get(idint ).getId() + "    姓名:"
                                + citizenlist.get(idint ).getName() +"    性別:"
                                +citizenlist.get(idint ).getSex()   +"    年齡:"
                                +citizenlist.get(idint ).getAge()+"   地址:"
                                +citizenlist.get(idint ).getAddress()
                                );
                    } else {
                        System.out.println("不存在該公民");
                    }
                    break;
                case 3:
                    isTrue = false;
                    System.out.println("程序已退出!");
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("輸入有誤");
                }
            }
        }

        public static int findCitizenByname(String name) {
            int flag = -1;
            int a[];
            for (int i = 0; i < citizenlist.size(); i++) {
                if (citizenlist.get(i).getName().equals(name)) {
                    flag= i;
                }
            }
            return flag;
        }

        public static int findCitizenByid(String id) {
            int flag = -1;

            for (int i = 0; i < citizenlist.size(); i++) {
                if (citizenlist.get(i).getId().equals(id)) {
                    flag = i;
                }
            }
            return flag;
        }   
    }

package qq;


    public class Citizen {

        private String name;
        private String id ;
        private String sex ;
        private String age;
        private String address;
       
        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }
        public void setName(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }
        public String getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(String id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getSex() {
            return sex ;
        }
        public void setSex(String sex ) {
            this.sex =sex ;
        }
        public String getAge() {
            return age;
        }
        public void setAge(String age ) {
            this.age=age ;
        }
        public String getAddress() {
            return address;
        }
        public void setAddress(String address) {
            this.address=address ;
        }
    }

實驗結果:

技術分享圖片

實驗總結:

上周我們學習了第五章,這章中主要學了繼承這一概念,通過繼承人們可以在已存在的類構造一個新類,繼承已存在的類就是復用這些類的方法和域,通過繼承這一概念我們學習了一些類的概念如:超類,基類(父類),子類等。總的來說本章的知識點也是比較重要的,不過我對本章的知識掌握的不是很好,我會繼續努力的,多多敲代碼。

201771010106東文財《面向對象程序設計(java)》 實驗6