5 MySQL--表--數據類型
阿新 • • 發佈:2018-10-08
並且 浮點數 war query medium opened from eat ted
存儲引擎決定了表的類型,而表內存放的數據也要有不同的類型,每種數據類型都有自己的寬度,但寬度是可選的
詳細參考:
- http://www.runoob.com/mysql/mysql-data-types.html
- http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/data-type-overview.html
mysql常用數據類型概覽
#1. 數字: 整型:tinyinit int bigint 小數: float :在位數比較短的情況下不精準 double :在位數比較長的情況下不精準0.000001230123123123 存成:0.000001230000 decimal:(如果用小數,則用推薦使用decimal) 精準 內部原理是以字符串形式去存 #2. 字符串: char(10):簡單粗暴,浪費空間,存取速度快 root存成root000000 varchar:精準,節省空間,存取速度慢 sql優化:創建表時,定長的類型往前放,變長的往後放 比如性別 比如地址或描述信息 >255個字符,超了就把文件路徑存放到數據庫中。 比如圖片,視頻等找一個文件服務器,數據庫中只存路徑或url。#3. 時間類型: 最常用:datetime #4. 枚舉類型與集合類型
enum(‘male‘,‘female‘)
set(‘play‘,‘music‘,‘read‘,‘study‘)
1、整數類型
整數類型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
作用:存儲年齡,等級,id,各種號碼等
規則: ======================================== tinyint[(m)] [unsigned] [zerofill] 小整數,數據類型用於保存一些範圍的整數數值範圍: 有符號:-128 ~ 127 無符號: 0 ~ 255 PS: MySQL中無布爾值,使用tinyint(1)構造。 ======================================== int[(m)][unsigned][zerofill] 整數,數據類型用於保存一些範圍的整數數值範圍: 有符號: -2147483648 ~ 2147483647 無符號: 0 ~ 4294967295 ======================================== bigint[(m)][unsigned][zerofill] 大整數,數據類型用於保存一些範圍的整數數值範圍: 有符號: -9223372036854775808 ~ 9223372036854775807 無符號: 0 ~ 18446744073709551615 ========================================
驗證:
=========有符號和無符號tinyint========== #tinyint默認為有符號 MariaDB [db1]> create table t1(x tinyint); #默認為有符號,即數字前有正負號 MariaDB [db1]> desc t1; MariaDB [db1]> insert into t1 values -> (-129), -> (-128), -> (127), -> (128); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t1; +------+ | x | +------+ | -128 | #-129存成了-128 | -128 | #有符號,最小值為-128 | 127 | #有符號,最大值127 | 127 | #128存成了127 +------+ #設置無符號tinyint MariaDB [db1]> create table t2(x tinyint unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t2 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (255), -> (256); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t2; +------+ | x | +------+ | 0 | -1存成了0 | 0 | #無符號,最小值為0 | 255 | #無符號,最大值為255 | 255 | #256存成了255 +------+ ============有符號和無符號int============= #int默認為有符號 MariaDB [db1]> create table t3(x int); #默認為有符號整數 MariaDB [db1]> insert into t3 values -> (-2147483649), -> (-2147483648), -> (2147483647), -> (2147483648); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t3; +-------------+ | x | +-------------+ | -2147483648 | #-2147483649存成了-2147483648 | -2147483648 | #有符號,最小值為-2147483648 | 2147483647 | #有符號,最大值為2147483647 | 2147483647 | #2147483648存成了2147483647 +-------------+ #設置無符號int MariaDB [db1]> create table t4(x int unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t4 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (4294967295), -> (4294967296); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t4; +------------+ | x | +------------+ | 0 | #-1存成了0 | 0 | #無符號,最小值為0 | 4294967295 | #無符號,最大值為4294967295 | 4294967295 | #4294967296存成了4294967295 +------------+ ==============有符號和無符號bigint============= MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t5 values -> (-9223372036854775809), -> (-9223372036854775808), -> (9223372036854775807), -> (9223372036854775808); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t5; +----------------------+ | x | +----------------------+ | -9223372036854775808 | | -9223372036854775808 | | 9223372036854775807 | | 9223372036854775807 | +----------------------+ MariaDB [db1]> create table t6(x bigint unsigned); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t6 values -> (-1), -> (0), -> (18446744073709551615), -> (18446744073709551616); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t6; +----------------------+ | x | +----------------------+ | 0 | | 0 | | 18446744073709551615 | | 18446744073709551615 | +----------------------+ ======用zerofill測試整數類型的顯示寬度============= MariaDB [db1]> create table t7(x int(3) zerofill); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t7 values -> (1), -> (11), -> (111), -> (1111); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t7; +------+ | x | +------+ | 001 | | 011 | | 111 | | 1111 | #超過寬度限制仍然可以存 +------+View Code
註意:int(3)表示的是顯示寬度,不是存儲寬度,自己沒有必要指定,其他所有類型指定的寬度表示存儲寬度!
2、浮點型
定點數類型 DEC等同於DECIMAL
浮點類型:FLOAT DOUBLE
作用:存儲薪資、身高、體重、體質參數等
====================================== #FLOAT[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定義: 單精度浮點數(非準確小數值),m是數字總個數,d是小數點後個數。m最大值為255,d最大值為30 有符號: -3.402823466E+38 to -1.175494351E-38, 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 無符號: 1.175494351E-38 to 3.402823466E+38 精確度: **** 隨著小數的增多,精度變得不準確 **** ====================================== #DOUBLE[(M,D)] [UNSIGNED] [ZEROFILL] 定義: 雙精度浮點數(非準確小數值),m是數字總個數,d是小數點後個數。m最大值為255,d最大值為30 有符號: -1.7976931348623157E+308 to -2.2250738585072014E-308 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 無符號: 2.2250738585072014E-308 to 1.7976931348623157E+308 精確度: ****隨著小數的增多,精度比float要高,但也會變得不準確 **** ====================================== decimal[(m[,d])] [unsigned] [zerofill] 定義: 準確的小數值,m是數字總個數(負號不算),d是小數點後個數。 m最大值為65,d最大值為30。 精確度: **** 隨著小數的增多,精度始終準確 **** 對於精確數值計算時需要用此類型 decaimal能夠存儲精確值的原因在於其內部按照字符串存儲。
驗證:
mysql> create table t1(x float(256,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column ‘x‘. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t1(x float(256,30)); ERROR 1439 (42000): Display width out of range for column ‘x‘ (max = 255) mysql> create table t1(x float(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t2(x double(255,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,31)); ERROR 1425 (42000): Too big scale 31 specified for column ‘x‘. Maximum is 30. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(66,30)); ERROR 1426 (42000): Too-big precision 66 specified for ‘x‘. Maximum is 65. mysql> create table t3(x decimal(65,30)); #建表成功 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> show tables; +---------------+ | Tables_in_db1 | +---------------+ | t1 | | t2 | | t3 | +---------------+ rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t1 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); #小數點後31個1 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1.1111111111111111111111111111111); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from t1; #隨著小數的增多,精度開始不準確 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111164093017600000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; #精度比float要準確點,但隨著小數的增多,同樣變得不準確 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111200000000000000 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t3; #精度始終準確,d為30,於是只留了30位小數 +----------------------------------+ | x | +----------------------------------+ | 1.111111111111111111111111111111 | +----------------------------------+ row in set (0.00 sec)View Code
3、日期類型
create table student( id int, name char(6), born_year year, birth_date date, class_time time, reg_time datetime ); insert into student values (1,‘egon‘,now(),now(),now(),now()); insert into student values (2,‘alex‘,"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12");
DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
作用:存儲用戶註冊時間,文章發布時間,員工入職時間,出生時間,過期時間等
YEAR YYYY(1901/2155)# 範圍 DATE YYYY-MM-DD(1000-01-01/9999-12-31) TIME HH:MM:SS(‘-838:59:59‘/‘838:59:59‘) DATETIME YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS(1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59 Y) TIMESTAMP YYYYMMDD HHMMSS(1970-01-01 00:00:00/2037 年某時)
驗證:
============year=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t10(born_year year); #無論year指定何種寬度,最後都默認是year(4) MariaDB [db1]> insert into t10 values -> (1900), -> (1901), -> (2155), -> (2156); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t10; +-----------+ | born_year | +-----------+ | 0000 | | 1901 | | 2155 | | 0000 | +-----------+ ============date,time,datetime=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t11(d date,t time,dt datetime); MariaDB [db1]> desc t11; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | d | date | YES | | NULL | | | t | time | YES | | NULL | | | dt | datetime | YES | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ MariaDB [db1]> insert into t11 values(now(),now(),now()); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t11; +------------+----------+---------------------+ | d | t | dt | +------------+----------+---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 | 16:26:54 | 2017-07-25 16:26:54 | +------------+----------+---------------------+ ============timestamp=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(time timestamp); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values(null); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +---------------------+ | time | +---------------------+ | 2017-07-25 16:29:17 | | 2017-07-25 16:30:01 | +---------------------+ ============註意啦,註意啦,註意啦=========== 1. 單獨插入時間時,需要以字符串的形式,按照對應的格式插入 2. 插入年份時,盡量使用4位值 3. 插入兩位年份時,<=69,以20開頭,比如50, 結果2050 >=70,以19開頭,比如71,結果1971 MariaDB [db1]> create table t12(y year); MariaDB [db1]> insert into t12 values -> (50), -> (71); MariaDB [db1]> select * from t12; +------+ | y | +------+ | 2050 | | 1971 | +------+ ============綜合練習=========== MariaDB [db1]> create table student( -> id int, -> name varchar(20), -> born_year year, -> birth date, -> class_time time, -> reg_time datetime); MariaDB [db1]> insert into student values -> (1,‘alex‘,"1995","1995-11-11","11:11:11","2017-11-11 11:11:11"), -> (2,‘egon‘,"1997","1997-12-12","12:12:12","2017-12-12 12:12:12"), -> (3,‘wsb‘,"1998","1998-01-01","13:13:13","2017-01-01 13:13:13"); MariaDB [db1]> select * from student; +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+ | id | name | born_year | birth | class_time | reg_time | +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+ | 1 | alex | 1995 | 1995-11-11 | 11:11:11 | 2017-11-11 11:11:11 | | 2 | egon | 1997 | 1997-12-12 | 12:12:12 | 2017-12-12 12:12:12 | | 3 | wsb | 1998 | 1998-01-01 | 13:13:13 | 2017-01-01 13:13:13 | +------+------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------------+
datetime與timestamp的區別
在實際應用的很多場景中,MySQL的這兩種日期類型都能夠滿足我們的需要,存儲精度都為秒,但在某些情況下,會展現出他們各自的優劣。 下面就來總結一下兩種日期類型的區別。 1.DATETIME的日期範圍是1001——9999年,TIMESTAMP的時間範圍是1970——2038年。 2.DATETIME存儲時間與時區無關,TIMESTAMP存儲時間與時區有關,顯示的值也依賴於時區。在mysql服務器, 操作系統以及客戶端連接都有時區的設置。 3.DATETIME使用8字節的存儲空間,TIMESTAMP的存儲空間為4字節。因此,TIMESTAMP比DATETIME的空間利用率更高。 4.DATETIME的默認值為null;TIMESTAMP的字段默認不為空(not null),默認值為當前時間(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP), 如果不做特殊處理,並且update語句中沒有指定該列的更新值,則默認更新為當前時間。
5 MySQL--表--數據類型