第11章——《執行緒》(1)
阿新 • • 發佈:2018-11-02
實驗環境介紹
- gcc:4.8.5
- glibc:glibc-2.17-222.el7.x86_64
- os:Centos7.4
- kernel:3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64
執行緒概念
- 忽略(ps:Linux是用程序實現的執行緒)
- 程序是資源分配的基本單位,執行緒是排程的基本單位。
執行緒標識
- 忽略
執行緒建立
- 執行緒建立時不會保證哪個執行緒先執行
- 新建立的執行緒會繼承呼叫執行緒的浮點環境和訊號遮蔽字,但是該新執行緒的掛起訊號集會被清楚,測試程式碼如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void sig_int(int signo);
void *func(void *arg);
void pr_mask(const char *str);
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (signal(SIGINT, sig_int) == SIG_ERR) {
printf("register signal INT error");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// block INT
sigset_t bset;
sigemptyset(&bset);
sigaddset(&bset, SIGINT);
// 更新程序遮蔽訊號狀態字
if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &bset, NULL) != 0) {
printf("sigprocmask() failed !\n");
return -1;
}
printf("%d: now sleep for 10 sec for waitint SIGINT\n", pthread_self());
sleep(30);
// create a thread
pthread_t thr1;
if(pthread_create(&thr1,NULL,func, NULL)!=0) {
printf("create thread failed!\n");
return -1;
}
printf("%d: now wake and create thread over. unblock SIGINT signal\n", pthread_self());
sigset_t set;
if (sigaddset(&set, SIGINT) != 0) {
printf("thread add set error\n");
}
// 主執行緒這裡解除INT訊號的阻塞,這樣主線就會呼叫訊號處理函式
if (sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL) != 0) {
printf("thread sigprocmask() failed !\n");
return -1;
}
printf("%d: after unblocking SIGINT, main thread sleep\n", pthread_self());
while (1) sleep(1);
return 0;
}
void
sig_int(int signo) /* interrupts pause() */
{
printf("%d: SIGINT received\n", pthread_self());
}
void *func(void *arg)
{
pr_mask("before unblock:");
while (1) sleep(1);
sigset_t set;
if (sigaddset(&set, SIGINT) != 0) {
printf("thread add set error\n");
}
// 這裡會接觸INT訊號的阻塞,但是該執行緒被掛起的訊號集會被清楚
// 所以該執行緒不會呼叫訊號處理函式
if (sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL) != 0) {
printf("thread sigprocmask() failed !\n");
return (void *)-1;
}
printf("%d: child thread over\n", pthread_self());
while (1) sleep(1);
return NULL;
}
void pr_mask( const char *str ){
sigset_t set;
int errno_save; //get the pre errno
errno_save = errno;
if( sigprocmask( 0, NULL , &set ) == -1 )
printf("%d: sigprocmask error\n", pthread_self());
else {
printf( "\n%s" , str );
if(sigismember(&set, SIGQUIT))
printf( " SIGQUIT" );
if(sigismember(&set, SIGINT))
printf( " SIGINT" );
if(sigismember(&set, SIGUSR1))
printf( " SIGUSR1" );
if( sigismember( &set , SIGALRM ) )
printf( " SIGALRM" );
}
printf("\n");
errno = errno_save ;
}
// kill -2 8379
// kill -2 8379
// kill -2 8379
result:
-1168320768: now sleep for 10 sec for waitint SIGINT
-1168320768: now wake and create thread over. unblock SIGINT signal
before unblock: SIGINT
-1168320768: SIGINT received
-1168320768: after unblocking SIGINT, main thread sleep
- 控制終端的訊號傳送給該程序的主執行緒,測試程式碼如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *func(void *arg);
void sig_int(int signo); /* interrupts pause() */
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
signal(SIGINT, sig_int);
pthread_t thr1;
printf("%lu: main thread\n", pthread_self());
if(pthread_create(&thr1,NULL,func, NULL)!=0) {
printf("create thread failed!\n");
return -1;
}
while (1) sleep(1);
return 0;
}
void
sig_int(int signo) /* interrupts pause() */
{
printf("%lu: SIGINT received\n", pthread_self());
}
void *func(void *arg)
{
while (1) sleep(1);
return NULL;
}
result:
140463559870208: main thread
^C140463559870208: SIGINT received
^C140463559870208: SIGINT received
^C140463559870208: SIGINT received
^\Quit
執行緒終止
- 執行緒終止的方式:
- 如果任意執行緒呼叫exit、_Exit或者_exit,那麼整個程序就會終止
- 如果預設的動作是終止程序,那麼,傳送到該執行緒的訊號會終止整個程序(12章再來討論訊號和執行緒)
- 單個執行緒有三種退出方式
- 執行緒可以從啟動例程中返回,返回值是執行緒的退出碼
- 執行緒可以被同一程序中的其他執行緒取消
- 執行緒呼叫pthread_exit來結束
- 相關函式:pthread_exit、pthread_join
- pthread_join可以獲取到pthread_exit的rval_ptr,如果執行緒是被取消的,則pthread_join的rval_ptr指向的記憶體單元為PTHREAD_CANCELED
- pthread_join也自動把執行緒置於分離狀態
- pthread_join可以回收同一個程序的其他執行緒
注意線上程函式中返回的指標是合法的,該指標的資料分配不該是線上程函式的棧上分配。這樣在別的執行緒中進行進行join的時候,該地址已經不合法
- pthread_cancel函式
- 該函式並不等待執行緒終止,它僅僅提出請求
- pthread_cleanup_push函式可以註冊執行緒退出清理函式,這些清理函式被pthread_cleanup_push函式排程,pthread_cleanup_pop函式是刪除執行緒的清理函式
- pthread_cleanup_push函式註冊的函式的呼叫時機為:
- pthread_exit時
- 被別的執行緒進行pthread_cancel時
- pthread_cleanup_pop的引數非0時
- 測試程式碼如下
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAXLINE 2048
static void
err_doit(int errnoflag, int error, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
{
char buf[MAXLINE];
vsnprintf(buf, MAXLINE-1, fmt, ap);
if (errnoflag)
snprintf(buf+strlen(buf), MAXLINE-strlen(buf)-1, ": %s",
strerror(error));
strcat(buf, "\n");
fflush(stdout); /* in case stdout and stderr are the same */
fputs(buf, stderr);
fflush(NULL); /* flushes all stdio output streams */
}
void
err_exit(int error, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list ap;
va_start(ap, fmt);
err_doit(1, error, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
exit(1);
}
void
cleanup(void *arg)
{
printf("cleanup: %s\n", (char *)arg);
}
void *
thr_fn1(void *arg)
{
printf("thread 1 start\n");
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup, "thread 1 first handler");
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup, "thread 1 second handler");
printf("thread 1 push complete\n");
if (arg)
return((void *)1); // 這裡不會呼叫清理函式,在別的平臺上在這裡發會可能會產生未定義的行為,應該使用pthread_exit來返回,但是這樣就會執行清理函式
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
return((void *)1);
}
void *
thr_fn2(void *arg)
{
printf("thread 2 start\n");
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup, "thread 2 first handler");
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup, "thread 2 second handler");
printf("thread 2 push complete\n");
if (arg)
pthread_exit((void *)2); // 這裡會觸發呼叫清理函式
// 如果走到這裡,則清理函式不會呼叫
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_exit((void *)2);
}
int
main(void)
{
int err;
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
void *tret;
err = pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thr_fn1, (void *)1);
if (err != 0)
err_exit(err, "can't create thread 1");
err = pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thr_fn2, (void *)1);
if (err != 0)
err_exit(err, "can't create thread 2");
err = pthread_join(tid1, &tret);
if (err != 0)
err_exit(err, "can't join with thread 1");
printf("thread 1 exit code %ld\n", (long)tret);
err = pthread_join(tid2, &tret);
if (err != 0)
err_exit(err, "can't join with thread 2");
printf("thread 2 exit code %ld\n", (long)tret);
exit(0);
}
result:
thread 1 start
thread 1 push complete
thread 2 start
thread 2 push complete
thread 1 exit code 1
cleanup: thread 2 second handler
cleanup: thread 2 first handler
thread 2 exit code 2
- 程序和執行緒的原語比較: