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According to this https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~pes20/cpp/cpp0xmappings.html, a released store is implemented as MOV (into memory) on x86 (including x86-64).

According to his http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/atomic/memory_order

memory_order_release:

A store operation with this memory order performs the release operation: no memory accesses in the current thread can be reordered after this store. This ensures that all writes in the current thread are visible in other threads that acquire or the same atomic variable and writes that carry a dependency into the atomic variable become visible in other threads that consume the same atomic.

I understand that when memory_order_release is used, all memory stores done previously should finish before this one.

int a;
a = 10;
std::atomic<int> b;
b.store(50, std::memory_order_release); // i can be sure that 'a' is already 10, so processor can't reorder the stores to 'a' and 'b'
 

QUESTION: how is it possible that a bare MOV instruction (without an explicit memory fence) is sufficient for this behaviour? How does MOV tell the processor to finish all previous stores?

c++ c++11 x86 memory-model stdatomic

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edited Jul 14 at 4:50

curiousguy

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asked Apr 28 '15 at 14:56

Krab

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• 2

  You forgot to mention "on x86" – Cubbi Apr 28 '15 at 15:16

• @cubbi: right, it is important, done – Krab Apr 28 '15 at 15:18

• Because it's a dynamic scheduled ISA, chip always assumes the worst case. – user3528438 Apr 28 '15 at 15:21

• 2

  The bottom of that cppreference page has a link to x86-TSO paper that gets into more detail you'll ever need – Cubbi Apr 28 '15 at 15:25

• 1

  "I can be sure that 'a' is already 10, so processor can't reorder the stores to 'a' and 'b" For clarity, in the standard there is no global notion that "'a' is already 10", so more accurately: "I can be sure that another thread that loads the 50 stored here in 'b' with a memory order of at least memory_order_acquire will also observe 'a' to be 10." It is a popular pitfall to believe that the release makes previous writes magically visible in other threads — the standard merely states that writes from one thread should become visible in other threads "within a reasonable amount of time". – Arne Vogel Apr 28 '15 at 18:29

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2 Answers

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up vote4down voteaccepted

That does appear to be the mapping, at least in code compiled with the Intel compiler, where I see:

0000000000401100 <_Z5storeRSt6atomicIiE>:
  401100:       48 89 fa                mov    %rdi,%rdx
  401103:       b8 32 00 00 00          mov    $0x32,%eax
  401108:       89 02                   mov    %eax,(%rdx)
  40110a:       c3                      retq
  40110b:       0f 1f 44 00 00          nopl   0x0(%rax,%rax,1)

0000000000401110 <_Z4loadRSt6atomicIiE>:
  401110:       48 89 f8                mov    %rdi,%rax
  401113:       8b 00                   mov    (%rax),%eax
  401115:       c3                      retq
  401116:       0f 1f 00                nopl   (%rax)
  401119:       0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00    nopl   0x0(%rax)

for the code:

#include <atomic>
#include <stdio.h>

void store( std::atomic<int> & b ) ;

int load( std::atomic<int> & b ) ;

int main()
{
   std::atomic<int> b ;

   store( b ) ;

   printf("%d\n", load( b ) ) ;

   return 0 ;
}

void store( std::atomic<int> & b )
{
   b.store(50, std::memory_order_release ) ;
}

int load( std::atomic<int> & b )
{
   int v = b.load( std::memory_order_acquire ) ;

   return v ;
}

The current Intel architecture documents, Volume 3 (System Programming Guide), does a nice job explaining this. See:

8.2.2 Memory Ordering in P6 and More Recent Processor Families

• Reads are not reordered with other reads.
• Writes are not reordered with older reads.
• Writes to memory are not reordered with other writes, with the following exceptions: ...

The full memory model is explained there. I'd assume that Intel and the C++ standard folks have worked together in detail to nail down the best mapping for each of the memory order operations possible with that conforms to the memory model described in Volume 3, and plain stores and loads have been determined to be sufficient in those cases.

Note that just because no special instructions are required for this ordered store on x86-64, doesn't mean that will be universally true. For powerpc I'd expect to see something like a lwsync instruction along with the store, and on hpux (ia64) the compiler should be using a st4.rel instruction.

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answered Apr 28 '15 at 15:48

Peeter Joot

3,57643560

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up vote4down vote

There's memory reordering at run-time (done by CPU) and there's memory reordering at compile-time. Please read Jeff Preshing's article on compile-time reordering (and also great many other good ones on that blog) for further information.

memory_order_release prevents the compiler from reordering access to data, as well as emitting any necessary fencing or special instructions. In x86 asm, ordinary loads and stores already have acquire / release semantics, so blocking compile-time reordering is sufficient for acq_rel, but not seq_cst.

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edited Jul 14 at 4:56

Peter Cordes

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answered Apr 28 '15 at 15:57

rashmatash

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• "memory_order_release prevents the compiler from reordering access to data" by definition that includes the CPU behavior – curiousguy Jul 14 at 4:54

• 1

  @curiousguy: yeah, this answer explained it badly before. But instead of downvoting, I decided to fix it. – Peter Cordes Jul 14 at 4:56