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django-進階

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  2中介軟體

分頁

Django的分頁器(paginator)

view

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from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse

# Create your views here.
from app01.models import *
from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger

def index(request):

    '''
    批量匯入資料:

    Booklist=[]
    for i in range(100):
        Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i))
    Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist)
    '''

    '''
分頁器的使用:

    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)

    print("count:",paginator.count)           #資料總數
    print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages)    #總頁數
    print("page_range",paginator.page_range)  #頁碼的列表



    page1=paginator.page(1) #第1頁的page物件
    for i in page1:         #遍歷第1頁的所有資料物件
        print(i)

    print(page1.object_list) #第1頁的所有資料


    page2=paginator.page(2)

    print(page2.has_next())            #是否有下一頁
    print(page2.next_page_number())    #下一頁的頁碼
    print(page2.has_previous())        #是否有上一頁
    print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一頁的頁碼



    # 拋錯
    #page=paginator.page(12)   # error:EmptyPage

    #page=paginator.page("z")   # error:PageNotAnInteger

    '''


    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10)
    page = request.GET.get('page',1)
    currentPage=int(page)


    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)


    return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})
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index.html:

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" 
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <h4>分頁器</h4> <ul> {% for book in book_list %} <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <ul class="pagination" id="pager"> {% if book_list.has_previous %} <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一頁</a></li> {% else %} <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li> {% endif %} {% for num in paginator.page_range %} {% if num == currentPage %} <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% else %} <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if book_list.has_next %} <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一頁</a></li> {% else %} <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li> {% endif %} </ul> </div> </body> </html>
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擴充套件

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def index(request):


    book_list=Book.objects.all()

    paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15)
    page = request.GET.get('page',1)
    currentPage=int(page)

    #  如果頁數十分多時,換另外一種顯示方式
    if paginator.num_pages>30:

        if currentPage-5<1:
            pageRange=range(1,11)
        elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1)

        else:
            pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5)

    else:
        pageRange=paginator.page_range


    try:
        print(page)
        book_list = paginator.page(page)
    except PageNotAnInteger:
        book_list = paginator.page(1)
    except EmptyPage:
        book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)


    return render(request,"index.html",locals())
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自定義分頁器

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"""
分頁元件使用示例:

    obj = Pagination(request.GET.get('page',1),len(USER_LIST),request.path_info)
    page_user_list = USER_LIST[obj.start:obj.end]
    page_html = obj.page_html()

    return render(request,'index.html',{'users':page_user_list,'page_html':page_html})


"""


class Pagination(object):

    def __init__(self,current_page,all_count,base_url,per_page_num=2,pager_count=11):
        """
        封裝分頁相關資料
        :param current_page: 當前頁
        :param all_count:    資料庫中的資料總條數
        :param per_page_num: 每頁顯示的資料條數
        :param base_url: 分頁中顯示的URL字首
        :param pager_count:  最多顯示的頁碼個數
        """

        try:
            current_page = int(current_page)
        except Exception as e:
            current_page = 1

        if current_page <1:
            current_page = 1

        self.current_page = current_page

        self.all_count = all_count
        self.per_page_num = per_page_num

        self.base_url = base_url

        # 總頁碼
        all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num)
        if tmp:
            all_pager += 1
        self.all_pager = all_pager


        self.pager_count = pager_count
        self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2)

    @property
    def start(self):
        return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_num

    @property
    def end(self):
        return self.current_page * self.per_page_num

    def page_html(self):
        # 如果總頁碼 < 11個:
        if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count:
            pager_start = 1
            pager_end = self.all_pager + 1
        # 總頁碼  > 11
        else:
            # 當前頁如果<=頁面上最多顯示11/2個頁碼
            if self.current_page <= self.pager_count_half:
                pager_start = 1
                pager_end = self.pager_count + 1

            # 當前頁大於5
            else:
                # 頁碼翻到最後
                if (self.current_page + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager:
                    pager_end = self.all_pager + 1
                    pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1
                else:
                    pager_start = self.current_page - self.pager_count_half
                    pager_end = self.current_page + self.pager_count_half + 1

        page_html_list = []

        first_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">首頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,1,)
        page_html_list.append(first_page)

        if self.current_page <= 1:
            prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li>'
        else:
            prev_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">上一頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page - 1,)

        page_html_list.append(prev_page)

        for i in range(pager_start, pager_end):
            if i == self.current_page:
                temp = '<li class="active"><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,)
            else:
                temp = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,)
            page_html_list.append(temp)

        if self.current_page >= self.all_pager:
            next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li>'
        else:
            next_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">下一頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page + 1,)
        page_html_list.append(next_page)

        last_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">尾頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.all_pager,)
        page_html_list.append(last_page)

        return ''.join(page_html_list)
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中介軟體

中介軟體的概念

中介軟體顧名思義,是介於request與response處理之間的一道處理過程,相對比較輕量級,並且在全域性上改變django的輸入與輸出。因為改變的是全域性,所以需要謹慎實用,用不好會影響到效能。

Django的中介軟體的定義:

?
1 Middleware is a framework of hooks into Django’s request / response processing. <br>It’s a light, low - level “plugin” system for globally altering Django’s input or output.

如果你想修改請求,例如被傳送到view中的HttpRequest物件。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse物件,這些都可以通過中介軟體來實現。

可能你還想在view執行之前做一些操作,這種情況就可以用 middleware來實現。

大家可能頻繁在view使用request.user吧。 Django想在每個view執行之前把user設定為request的屬性,於是就用了一箇中間件來實現這個目標。所以Django提供了可以修改request 物件的中介軟體 AuthenticationMiddleware

Django預設的Middleware

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MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
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每一箇中間件都有具體的功能。

自定義中介軟體

中介軟體中一共有四個方法:

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process_request

process_view

process_exception

process_response
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process_request,process_response

當用戶發起請求的時候會依次經過所有的的中介軟體,這個時候的請求時process_request,最後到達views的函式中,views函式處理後,在依次穿過中介軟體,這個時候是process_response,最後返回給請求者。

上述截圖中的中介軟體都是django中的,我們也可以自己定義一箇中間件,我們可以自己寫一個類,但是必須繼承MiddlewareMixin

需要匯入

1 from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin

 

in views:

def index(request):

    print("view函式...")
    return HttpResponse("OK")

in Mymiddlewares.py:

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from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
 
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response
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結果:

Md1請求
Md2請求
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回

注意:如果當請求到達請求2的時候直接不符合條件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中斷"),程式將把請求直接發給中介軟體2返回,然後依次返回到請求者,結果如下:

返回Md2中斷的頁面,後臺列印如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
Md2返回
Md1返回

流程圖如下:

 

process_view

?
1 process_view( self , request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)

 Mymiddlewares.py修改如下

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from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse

class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md1view")

class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
        return HttpResponse("Md2中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("Md2view")
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結果如下:

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Md1請求
Md2請求
Md1view
Md2view
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回
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下圖進行分析上面的過程:

當最後一箇中間的process_request到達路由關係對映之後,返回到中介軟體1的process_view,然後依次往下,到達views函式,最後通過process_response依次返回到達使用者。

process_view可以用來呼叫檢視函式:

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class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        return response
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結果如下:

Md1請求
Md2請求
view函式...
Md2返回
Md1返回

注意:process_view如果有返回值,會越過其他的process_view以及檢視函式,但是所有的process_response都還會執行。

process_exception

?
1 process_exception( self , request, exception)

示例修改如下:

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class Md1(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md1請求")
        #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md1返回")
        return response

    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):

        # return HttpResponse("hello")

        # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs)
        # return response
        print("md1 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")



class Md2(MiddlewareMixin):

    def process_request(self,request):
        print("Md2請求")
        # return HttpResponse("Md2中斷")
    def process_response(self,request,response):
        print("Md2返回")
        return response
    def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
        print("md2 process_view...")

    def process_exception(self):
        print("md1 process_exception...")
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結果如下:

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Md1請求
Md2請求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函式...

Md2返回
Md1返回
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流程圖如下:

當views出現錯誤時:

 將md2的process_exception修改如下:

  def process_exception(self,request,exception):

        print("md2 process_exception...")
        return HttpResponse("error")

結果如下:

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Md1請求
Md2請求
md1 process_view...
md2 process_view...
view函式...
md2 process_exception...
Md2返回
Md1返回
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