django-進階
知識預覽:
1分頁
2中介軟體
分頁
Django的分頁器(paginator)
view
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. from app01.models import * from django.core.paginator import Paginator, EmptyPage, PageNotAnInteger def index(request): ''' 批量匯入資料: Booklist=[] for i in range(100): Booklist.append(Book(title="book"+str(i),price=30+i*i)) Book.objects.bulk_create(Booklist) ''' ''' 分頁器的使用: book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) print("count:",paginator.count) #資料總數 print("num_pages",paginator.num_pages) #總頁數 print("page_range",paginator.page_range) #頁碼的列表 page1=paginator.page(1) #第1頁的page物件 for i in page1: #遍歷第1頁的所有資料物件 print(i) print(page1.object_list) #第1頁的所有資料 page2=paginator.page(2) print(page2.has_next()) #是否有下一頁 print(page2.next_page_number()) #下一頁的頁碼 print(page2.has_previous()) #是否有上一頁 print(page2.previous_page_number()) #上一頁的頁碼 # 拋錯 #page=paginator.page(12) # error:EmptyPage #page=paginator.page("z") # error:PageNotAnInteger ''' book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 10) page = request.GET.get('page',1) currentPage=int(page) try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",{"book_list":book_list,"paginator":paginator,"currentPage":currentPage})
index.html:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css"
integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous"> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <h4>分頁器</h4> <ul> {% for book in book_list %} <li>{{ book.title }} -----{{ book.price }}</li> {% endfor %} </ul> <ul class="pagination" id="pager"> {% if book_list.has_previous %} <li class="previous"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.previous_page_number }}">上一頁</a></li> {% else %} <li class="previous disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li> {% endif %} {% for num in paginator.page_range %} {% if num == currentPage %} <li class="item active"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% else %} <li class="item"><a href="/index/?page={{ num }}">{{ num }}</a></li> {% endif %} {% endfor %} {% if book_list.has_next %} <li class="next"><a href="/index/?page={{ book_list.next_page_number }}">下一頁</a></li> {% else %} <li class="next disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li> {% endif %} </ul> </div> </body> </html>
擴充套件
def index(request): book_list=Book.objects.all() paginator = Paginator(book_list, 15) page = request.GET.get('page',1) currentPage=int(page) # 如果頁數十分多時,換另外一種顯示方式 if paginator.num_pages>30: if currentPage-5<1: pageRange=range(1,11) elif currentPage+5>paginator.num_pages: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,paginator.num_pages+1) else: pageRange=range(currentPage-5,currentPage+5) else: pageRange=paginator.page_range try: print(page) book_list = paginator.page(page) except PageNotAnInteger: book_list = paginator.page(1) except EmptyPage: book_list = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages) return render(request,"index.html",locals())
自定義分頁器
""" 分頁元件使用示例: obj = Pagination(request.GET.get('page',1),len(USER_LIST),request.path_info) page_user_list = USER_LIST[obj.start:obj.end] page_html = obj.page_html() return render(request,'index.html',{'users':page_user_list,'page_html':page_html}) """ class Pagination(object): def __init__(self,current_page,all_count,base_url,per_page_num=2,pager_count=11): """ 封裝分頁相關資料 :param current_page: 當前頁 :param all_count: 資料庫中的資料總條數 :param per_page_num: 每頁顯示的資料條數 :param base_url: 分頁中顯示的URL字首 :param pager_count: 最多顯示的頁碼個數 """ try: current_page = int(current_page) except Exception as e: current_page = 1 if current_page <1: current_page = 1 self.current_page = current_page self.all_count = all_count self.per_page_num = per_page_num self.base_url = base_url # 總頁碼 all_pager, tmp = divmod(all_count, per_page_num) if tmp: all_pager += 1 self.all_pager = all_pager self.pager_count = pager_count self.pager_count_half = int((pager_count - 1) / 2) @property def start(self): return (self.current_page - 1) * self.per_page_num @property def end(self): return self.current_page * self.per_page_num def page_html(self): # 如果總頁碼 < 11個: if self.all_pager <= self.pager_count: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 # 總頁碼 > 11 else: # 當前頁如果<=頁面上最多顯示11/2個頁碼 if self.current_page <= self.pager_count_half: pager_start = 1 pager_end = self.pager_count + 1 # 當前頁大於5 else: # 頁碼翻到最後 if (self.current_page + self.pager_count_half) > self.all_pager: pager_end = self.all_pager + 1 pager_start = self.all_pager - self.pager_count + 1 else: pager_start = self.current_page - self.pager_count_half pager_end = self.current_page + self.pager_count_half + 1 page_html_list = [] first_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">首頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,1,) page_html_list.append(first_page) if self.current_page <= 1: prev_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">上一頁</a></li>' else: prev_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">上一頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page - 1,) page_html_list.append(prev_page) for i in range(pager_start, pager_end): if i == self.current_page: temp = '<li class="active"><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,) else: temp = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">%s</a></li>' % (self.base_url,i, i,) page_html_list.append(temp) if self.current_page >= self.all_pager: next_page = '<li class="disabled"><a href="#">下一頁</a></li>' else: next_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">下一頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.current_page + 1,) page_html_list.append(next_page) last_page = '<li><a href="%s?page=%s">尾頁</a></li>' % (self.base_url,self.all_pager,) page_html_list.append(last_page) return ''.join(page_html_list)回到頂部
中介軟體
中介軟體的概念
中介軟體顧名思義,是介於request與response處理之間的一道處理過程,相對比較輕量級,並且在全域性上改變django的輸入與輸出。因為改變的是全域性,所以需要謹慎實用,用不好會影響到效能。
Django的中介軟體的定義:
?1 |
Middleware
is
a framework of hooks into Django’s request
/
response processing. <br>It’s a light, low
-
level “plugin” system
for
globally altering Django’s
input
or
output.
|
如果你想修改請求,例如被傳送到view中的HttpRequest物件。 或者你想修改view返回的HttpResponse物件,這些都可以通過中介軟體來實現。
可能你還想在view執行之前做一些操作,這種情況就可以用 middleware來實現。
大家可能頻繁在view使用request.user
吧。 Django想在每個view執行之前把user設定為request的屬性,於是就用了一箇中間件來實現這個目標。所以Django提供了可以修改request 物件的中介軟體 AuthenticationMiddleware
。
Django預設的Middleware
:
MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ]
每一箇中間件都有具體的功能。
自定義中介軟體
中介軟體中一共有四個方法:
process_request process_view process_exception process_response
process_request,process_response
當用戶發起請求的時候會依次經過所有的的中介軟體,這個時候的請求時process_request,最後到達views的函式中,views函式處理後,在依次穿過中介軟體,這個時候是process_response,最後返回給請求者。
上述截圖中的中介軟體都是django中的,我們也可以自己定義一箇中間件,我們可以自己寫一個類,但是必須繼承MiddlewareMixin
需要匯入
1 |
from
django.utils.deprecation
import
MiddlewareMixin
|
in views:
def index(request): print("view函式...") return HttpResponse("OK")
in Mymiddlewares.py:
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1請求") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2請求")
#return HttpResponse("Md2中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response
結果:
Md1請求 Md2請求 view函式... Md2返回 Md1返回
注意:如果當請求到達請求2的時候直接不符合條件返回,即return HttpResponse("Md2中斷"),程式將把請求直接發給中介軟體2返回,然後依次返回到請求者,結果如下:
返回Md2中斷的頁面,後臺列印如下:
Md1請求 Md2請求 Md2返回 Md1返回
流程圖如下:
process_view
?1 |
process_view(
self
, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
|
Mymiddlewares.py修改如下
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1請求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md1view") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2請求") return HttpResponse("Md2中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("Md2view")
結果如下:
Md1請求 Md2請求 Md1view Md2view view函式... Md2返回 Md1返回
下圖進行分析上面的過程:
當最後一箇中間的process_request到達路由關係對映之後,返回到中介軟體1的process_view,然後依次往下,到達views函式,最後通過process_response依次返回到達使用者。
process_view可以用來呼叫檢視函式:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1請求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) return response
結果如下:
Md1請求 Md2請求 view函式... Md2返回 Md1返回
注意:process_view如果有返回值,會越過其他的process_view以及檢視函式,但是所有的process_response都還會執行。
process_exception
?1 |
process_exception(
self
, request, exception)
|
示例修改如下:
class Md1(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md1請求") #return HttpResponse("Md1中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md1返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): # return HttpResponse("hello") # response=callback(request,*callback_args,**callback_kwargs) # return response print("md1 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...") class Md2(MiddlewareMixin): def process_request(self,request): print("Md2請求") # return HttpResponse("Md2中斷") def process_response(self,request,response): print("Md2返回") return response def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs): print("md2 process_view...") def process_exception(self): print("md1 process_exception...")
結果如下:
Md1請求 Md2請求 md1 process_view... md2 process_view... view函式... Md2返回 Md1返回
流程圖如下:
當views出現錯誤時:
將md2的process_exception修改如下:
def process_exception(self,request,exception): print("md2 process_exception...") return HttpResponse("error")
結果如下:
Md1請求 Md2請求 md1 process_view... md2 process_view... view函式... md2 process_exception... Md2返回 Md1返回