python學習筆記：python程式設計基礎
1、python的包的種類
自帶的包(built-in)package和外部（external）package
1.1 自帶package，舉例os、os.getwd().
3、環境變數中配置easy_install,pip
沒有提供引數，需要設定引數
easy_install --help 證明環境變數配置正確
4、使用easy_install,pip安裝package舉例
import os
import requests
print(os.getcwd())
r=requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
print(r.url)
print(r.encoding)
print(r.text)
pip 可以用pip安裝額外的包
用pip嘗試安裝request
pip install requests
2.2 _Part2 字串（String），變數（Variable）
Format字串
age=3
name="Tom"
print("{0} waw {1} years old".format(name,age))
4、#註釋
#單行註釋
多行註釋：三引號，或者雙引號
5、縮排（identation）
縮排格式，使用縮排的時候會和程式的流程結合起來。
每行頂格寫，否則會出錯
第6課
例子：
a=3
b=4
c=5.66
d=8.0
e=complex(c,d)
f=complex(float(a),float(b))
print("a is type:",type(a))
print("c is type:",type(c))
print("e is type:",type(e))
print(a+b)
print(d/c)
print(b/a)
print(b//a) #約為整型
print(e)
print(e+f)
print(sys.float_info)
執行結果：
a is type: <class 'int'>
c is type: <class 'float'>
e is type: <class 'complex'>
7
1.4134275618374559
1.3333333333333333
1
(5.66+8j)
(8.66+12j)
sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_exp=1024, max_10_exp=308, min=2.2250738585072014e-308, min_exp=-1021, min_10_exp=-307, dig=15, mant_dig=53, epsilon=2.220446049250313e-16, radix=2, rounds=1)
3.1 資料結構：列表（List）
建立List
#建立List
number_list=[1,3,5,7,9]
print("number_list:"+str(number_list))
執行結果：
number_list:[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
字串型別的 列表
string_list=["abc","bbc","python"]
print("string_list:"+str(string_list))
執行結果：
string_list:['abc', 'bbc', 'python']
資料型別和字串型別混合的列表
mixed_list=["python","java",3,12]
print("mixed_list:"+str(mixed_list))
執行結果：
mixed_list:['python', 'java', 3, 12]
訪問列表元素
#訪問列表中的元素
second_num=number_list[1]
third_string=string_list[2]
fourth_mixed=mixed_list[3]
print("second_num:{0} \nthird_string:{1}\nfourth_mixed:{2}".format(second_num,third_string,fourth_mixed))
執行結果：
second_num:3
third_string:python
fourth_mixed:12
更新元素
number_list[1]=30
print("number_list after:"+str(number_list))
執行結果：
number_list after:[1, 30, 5, 7, 9]
#刪除元素
del number_list[1]
print("number_list after:",number_list)
執行結果：
[1, 5, 7, 9]
#Python指令碼語言
print(len([1,2,3])) #長度
print([1,2,3]+[4,5,6]) #組合
print(['Hello']*4) #重複
print(3 in [1,2,3]) #判斷元素是否在列表中
執行結果：
3
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
['Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello']
True
#列表的擷取
abcd_list=['a','b','c','d']
print(abcd_list[1]) #從左邊起，列表的第二位
print(abcd_list[-2]) #從右邊起，列表的第二位
print(abcd_list[1:]) #從左邊第二位開始擷取到所有剩下的元素
執行結果：
b
c
['b', 'c', 'd']
3.2 資料結構：元組（Tuple）
元祖一旦建立之後不可更改
#建立
number_tuple=(1,3,5,7,9)
# print("number_tuple:"+str(number_tuple))
string_tuple=("abc","bbc","python")
# print("string_tuple:"+str(string_tuple))
mixed_tuple=("python","java",3,12)
# print("mixed_tuple:"+str(mixed_tuple))
#訪問元組中的元素
second_num=number_tuple[1]
third_string=string_tuple[2]
fourth_mixed=mixed_tuple[3]
print("second_num:{0} \nthird_string:{1}\nfourth_mixed:{2}".format(second_num,third_string,fourth_mixed))
#更新元素，tuple不能被更改，所以程式會執行報錯
# number_tuple[1]=30
# print("number_tuple after:"+str(number_tuple))
#刪除元素，tuple不能被更改，所以程式會執行報錯
# del number_tuple[1]
# print("number_tuple after:",number_tuple)
#Python指令碼語言
print(len((1,2,3))) #長度
print((1,2,3)+(4,5,6)) #組合
print(('Hello')*4) #重複
print(3 in (1,2,3)) #判斷元素是否在列表中
#元組的擷取
abcd_tuple=('a','b','c','d')
print(abcd_tuple[1]) #從左邊起，列表的第二位
print(abcd_tuple[-2]) #從右邊起，列表的第二位
print(abcd_tuple[1:]) #從左邊第二位開始擷取
執行結果：
second_num:3
third_string:python
fourth_mixed:12
3
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
HelloHelloHelloHello
True
b
c
('b', 'c', 'd')
tuple裡面的元素不能更改，但是能更改tuple裡面的list的元素
#建立只包含一個元素的tuple
a_tuple=(2,)
#建立tuple中的list
mixed_tuple=(1,2,['a','b'])
print("mixed_tuple:"+str(mixed_tuple))
#讀取tuple,更改tuple
mixed_tuple[2][0]='c'
mixed_tuple[2][1]='d'
print("mixed_tuple after:"+str(mixed_tuple))
執行結果：
mixed_tuple:(1, 2, ['a', 'b'])
3.3 字典（Dictionary）
資料型別如下
#建立字典,同一個字典裡可以出現多種不同的資料型別的元素
phone_book={'Tom':123,'Jerry':456,'Kim':789}
mixed_dict={'Tom':'boy',11:23.5}
#訪問字典中的值
print("Tom has phone number:"+str(phone_book['Tom']))
#修改字典中的值
phone_book['Tom']=999
print("Tom has phone number:"+str(phone_book['Tom']))
#新增
phone_book['Heath']=888
print('The added book is:'+str(phone_book))
#刪除字典中的元素
del phone_book['Tom']
print("The book after del is:"+str(phone_book))
#清空字典裡的資料
phone_book.clear()
print("The book after clear is:"+str(phone_book))
#刪掉整個字典
del phone_book
# print("The book after del all is:"+str(phone_book))
#特性
#一個字典裡面不允許出現兩個key相同的元素
rep_test={'Name':'aa',"age":5,"Name":'bb'}
print("rep_test:",rep_test)
#鍵是不可變的，可以用數字、字串、或者元組充當鍵，但是不可能用列表
#list_dict={['Name']:'John','Age':13} #執行時會報錯，因為不能用列表作為字典的鍵
list_dict={('Name'):'John','Age':13}
print("list_dict is:"+str(list_dict))
執行結果：
Tom has phone number:123
Tom has phone number:999
The added book is:{'Tom': 999, 'Jerry': 456, 'Kim': 789, 'Heath': 888}
The book after del is:{'Jerry': 456, 'Kim': 789, 'Heath': 888}
The book after clear is:{}
rep_test: {'Name': 'bb', 'age': 5}
list_dict is:{'Name': 'John', 'Age': 13}
3.4 函式（Function）Part1
#預設引數
def repeat_str(s,times=1):
repeated_strs=s*times
return repeated_strs
repeated_strings=repeat_str("happy Birthday! ")
print(repeated_strings)
repeat_strings_2=repeat_str(" Happy Birthday ! ",4)
print(repeat_strings_2)
執行結果：
happy Birthday!
Happy Birthday ! Happy Birthday ! Happy Birthday ! Happy Birthday !
3.4 函式（Function）Part2
def func(a,b=4,c=8):
print('a is ',a,'and b is',b,'and c is',c)
func(13,17)
func(125,c=24)
func(c=40,a=80)
def print_paras(fpara,*nums,**words):
print("fpara:"+str(fpara))
print("num:"+str(nums))
print("words:"+str(words))
print_paras("hello",1,3,5,7,word="python",another_word="java")
執行結果：
a is 13 and b is 17 and c is 8
a is 125 and b is 4 and c is 24
a is 80 and b is 4 and c is 40
fpara:hello
num:(1, 3, 5, 7)
words:{'word': 'python', 'another_word': 'java'}
4.1 控制流1：if & for 語句
if 語句例子：
number=59
guess=int(input('Enter an integer:'))
print('guess is :'+str(guess))
if guess== number:
print('Bingo! you guessed it right.')
print('(but you do not win any prizes!)')
elif guess < number:
print('No,the number is Higher than that')
else:
print('No,the number is a lower than that')
print('Done')
for 語句例子：
for i in range(1,10):
print(i)
else:
print('the for loop is over')
for 例子2，遍歷列表
a_list=[1,3,5,7,9]
for i in a_list:
print(i)
for 例子3，遍歷元組
a_tuple=(1,3,5,7,9)
for i in a_tuple:
print(i)
For例子4
#遍歷字典
a_dict={'Tom':'111','Jerry':'222','Cathy':'333'}
for el in a_dict:
print(el,':',a_dict[el])
For例子5
#用key和值，對字典進行遍歷
for key,elem in a_dict.items():
print(key,":",elem)
4.2 控制流2：while& range 語句
import random
number=random.randint(0,1000)
print(number)
guess_flag=False
while guess_flag==False:
print("==================================")
guess=int(input('請輸入一個整數（0-1000）:\n'))
if guess==number:
guess_flag=True
print("恭喜您猜對了，但是沒有獎品，哈哈哈！！！")
elif guess<number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字小於正確值。')
print('正確值為：',number)
elif guess>number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字大於正確值。')
print('正確值為：',number)
else:
print("您輸入的數字不正確")
print("==================================\n")
print("Done!!!")
固定次數迴圈
import random
num_change=5
number=random.randint(0,1000)
print(number)
for i in range(1,num_change+1):
print("==================================")
guess=int(input('請輸入一個整數（0-1000）:\n'))
if guess==number:
print("恭喜您猜對了，但是沒有獎品，哈哈哈！！！")
break
elif guess<number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字小於正確值。')
print("您還有"+str(num_change-i)+"次機會")
elif guess>number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字大於正確值。')
print( "\n您還有" + str(num_change-i) + "次機會")
else:
print("您輸入的數字不正確")
print( + "\n您還有" + str(num_change-i) + "次機會")
print("==================================\n")
print('正確值為：' + str(number) )
print("Done!!!")
4.3 Break、Continue、Pass
import random
number=random.randint(0,1000)
print(number)
guess_flag=False
while True:
print("==================================")
guess=int(input('請輸入一個整數（0-1000）:\n'))
if guess==number:
print("恭喜您猜對了，但是沒有獎品，哈哈哈！！！")
break
elif guess<number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字小於正確值。')
print('正確值為：',number)
continue
elif guess>number:
print('錯了，您輸入的數字大於正確值。')
print('正確值為：',number)
continue
else:
print("您輸入的數字不正確")
continue
print("==================================\n")
print("Done!!!")
#continue和Pass的例子
a_list=[0,1,2]
print("使用continue：")
for i in a_list:
if not i:
continue
print(i)
print("使用Pass:")
for i in a_list:
if not i:
pass
print(i)
5.1 輸入輸出方式介紹（Output / Format）
#take input from user
str_1=input("Enter a string:")
str_2=input("Enter another string:")
#ouput the strings
print("str_1 is :"+str_1+",str_2 is"+str_2)
print("str_1 is {}，str_2 is {}".format(str_1,str_2))
5.2 讀寫檔案（FileIO）
1、讀入檔案
2、寫入檔案
some_sentences='''
I love leearing python
because python is fun
and also easy to use'''
#open for 'w'riting
f=open('sentence.txt','w')
#write text to file
f.write(some_sentences)
f.close()
#如果不是特殊mode,不用宣告'r'模式
f=open('sentence.txt')
while True:
line=f.readline()
if len(line)==0:
break
print(line)
#close the file
f.close()
6.1 異常處理
try:
f=open('sentence.txt')
s=f.readline()
i=int(s.strip())
except OSError as err:
print("OS error:{0}".format(err))
except ValueError:
print("Could not convert data to an integer.")
7.2 面想物件程式設計（Object-Oriented）和裝飾器（decorator）
class Student:
def __init__(self,name,grade):
self.name=name
self.grade=grade
def introduce(self):
print("hi! I am "+self.name)
print("my grade is {}".format(self.grade))
def improve(self,amount):
self.grade=self.grade+amount
jim=Student("jim",86)
jim.introduce()
jim.improve(10)
jim.introduce()
#裝飾器
'''
def add_candles(cake_func):
def insert_candles():
return cake_func()+" and candles"
return insert_candles
def make_cake():
return "cake"
gift_func=add_candles(make_cake)
print(make_cake())
print(gift_func())
'''
'''
def add_candles(cake_func):
def insert_candles():
return cake_func()+" and candles"
return insert_candles
def make_cake():
return "cake"
make_cake=add_candles(make_cake)
print(make_cake())
'''
def add_candles(cake_func):
def insert_candles():
return cake_func()+" and candles"
return insert_candles
@add_candles #裝飾器標識
def make_cake():
return "cake"
print(make_cake())
8.1 圖形介面（GUI）和猜數字遊戲
import random
from tkinter import *
import tkinter.simpledialog as dl
import tkinter.messagebox as mb
#GUI
root=Tk()
w=Label(root,text="猜數字遊戲")
w.pack()
number=random.randint(0,1000)
guess_flag=False
num_change=5
mb.showinfo("歡迎","歡迎來到猜數字遊戲介面\n您只有"+str(num_change)+"次猜數字機會")
while True:
if num_change==0:
mb.showinfo("結束", "您的猜數字機會已經用完\n正確數字為"+str(number))
break
guess = dl.askinteger("數子", "請輸入一個數字：")
num_change=num_change-1
if guess==number:
output = '恭喜您猜對了\n但是沒有獎品，哈哈哈！！！'
mb.showinfo("Output:", output)
break
elif guess<number:
output = '錯了\n您輸入的數字小於正確值。\n您還剩'+str(num_change)+"次猜數字機會"
mb.showinfo("Output:", output)
continue
elif guess>number:
output = '錯了\n您輸入的數字大於正確值。\n您還剩'+str(num_change)+"次猜數字機會"
mb.showinfo("Output:", output)
continue
else:
output = '錯了\n您輸入的數字格式不正確。\n您還剩'+str(num_change)+"次猜數字機會"
mb.showinfo("Output:", output)
continue
9 建立一個網頁
# -*- Coding:utf-8 -*-
import web
urls=(
'/','index'
)
app=web.application(urls,globals())
class index:
def GET(self):
greeting ='Hello World'
return greeting
if __name__=="__main__":
app.run()