第四章-連線

內部連線

• 語法結構

  SELECT <select list>
  FROM <first_table>
  <join_type> <second_table>
    [ON <join_condition>]

• 使用範例

  SELECT Person.BusinessEntity.*
    FROM Person.BusinessEntity
    INNER JOIN HumanResources.Employee
        ON Person.BusinessEntity.BusinessEntityID = 
        HumanResources.Employee.BusinessEntityID;
   
  

• 內連線具有排他特性.

• INNER JOIN類似於WHERE

外連線

• 外連線的簡易語法

  SELECT <SELECT list>
    FROM <the table you want to be the "LEFT" table>
    <LEFT|RIGHT> [OUTER] JOIN <table you want to be the "RIGHT" table>
    ON <join condition>

• 外連線本質上是包含的.

• 假設要知道具體折扣資訊, 每一種折扣的數量和哪些商品打折.

  SELECT sso.SpecialOfferID, Description, DiscountPct, ProductID
    FROM Sales.SpecialOffer sso
    LEFT JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct ssop
        ON sso.SpecialOfferID = ssop.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE sso.SpecialOfferID != 1;
   
  

• LEFT JOIN保留的是左側表的欄位, 如果右側表中不存在與左側表匹配的欄位, SQL Server會為其他任意值填充NULL.

• RIGHT JOIN保留的是右側表的欄位, 如果左側表中不存在與右側表匹配的欄位, SQL Server會為其他任意值填充NULL.

  SELECT sso.SpecialOfferID, Description, DiscountPct, ProductID
    FROM Sales.SpecialOffer sso
    LEFT JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct ssop
        ON sso.SpecialOfferID = ssop.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE sso.SpecialOfferID != 1;
  
  SELECT sso.SpecialOfferID, Description, DiscountPct, ProductID
    FROM Sales.SpecialOfferProduct ssop
    RIGHT JOIN Sales.SpecialOffer sso
        ON ssop.SpecialOfferID = sso.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE sso.SpecialOfferID != 1;
   
  

• 返回與任何產品不關聯的折扣名稱

  SELECT Description
    FROM Sales.SpecialOffer sso
    LEFT JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct ssop
        ON sso.SpecialOfferID = ssop.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE sso.SpecialOfferID != 1
    AND ssop.SpecialOfferID IS NULL;
  
  SELECT Description
    FROM Sales.SpecialOfferProduct ssop
    RIGHT JOIN Sales.SpecialOffer sso
        ON ssop.SpecialOfferID = sso.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE sso.SpecialOfferID != 1
    AND ssop.SpecialOfferID IS NULL;

• NULL值不等於NULL值.

  IF (NULL = NULL)
    PRINT 'It Does'
  ELSE
    PRINT 'It Doesn''t'

處理更復雜的外部連線

-- 返回所有供應商的地址
SELECT v.VendorName, a.Address
    FROM Vendors v
    LEFT JOIN VendorAddress va
        ON v.VendorID = va.VendorID
    LEFT JOIN Address a
        ON va.AddressID = a.AddressID;

SELECT v.VendorName, a.Address
    FROM VendorAddress va
    JOIN Address a
        ON va.AddressID = a.AddressID
    RIGHT JOIN Vendors v
        ON v.VendorID = va.VendorID;

-- 使用分組連線
SELECT v.VendorName, a.Address
    FROM Vendors v
    LEFT JOIN (
        VendorAddress va
        JOIN Address a
        ON va.AddressID = a.AddressID
    )
    ON v.VendorID = va.VendorID;

完全連線

• FULL JOIN將左右兩側的資料全部匹配, 並返回所有的記錄. 無論記錄在JOIN的哪一側.

• FULL JOIN查詢出來是兩個表的並集.

  SELECT a.Address, va.AddressID, v.VendorID, v.VendorName
    FROM VendorAddress va
    FULL JOIN Address a
        ON va.AddressID = a.AddressID
    FULL JOIN Vendors v
        ON va.VendorID = v.VendorID;

交叉連線

• 交叉連線是將JOIN左側的所有記錄與另一側的所有記錄連線.

• 交叉連線返回的是JOIN兩側表的所有記錄的笛卡爾積.

• 交叉連線使用範例

  SELECT v.VendorName, a.Address
    FROM Vendors v
    CROSS JOIN Address a;

聯合

• JOIN 將資訊水平連線(新增更多列)

• UNION 將資料垂直連線(新增更多行)

• UNOIN查詢的關鍵點

  • 所有聯合的查詢必須在SELECT列表中有相同的列數.
  • UNION返回的結果集的標題(列名)僅從第一個查詢獲得.
  • 查詢中的對應列的資料型別必須隱式一致.
  • UNION查詢的預設返回選項為DISTINCT, 而不是ALL.

• UNION使用範例:

  SELECT FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS Name
    FROM Person.Person pp
    JOIN Person.EmailAddress pe
        ON pp.BusinessEntityID = pe.BusinessEntityID
    JOIN Sales.Customer sc
        ON pp.BusinessEntityID = sc.CustomerID
  
    UNION
  SELECT FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS Name
    FROM Person.Person pp
    JOIN Person.EmailAddress pe
        ON pp.BusinessEntityID = pe.BusinessEntityID
    JOIN Purchasing.Vendor pv
        ON pp.BusinessEntityID = pv.BusinessEntityID

• UNION去除重複行, SQL Server會將具有相等NULL列的行視為重複行.

  -- 查詢新增特價供應產品的名稱
  SELECT P.ProductNumber, 'Less than 100 left' AS SpecialOffer
    FROM Production.Product P
    JOIN Production.ProductInventory I
        ON I.ProductID = P.ProductID
    WHERE I.Quantity < 100
    UNION
  SELECT P.ProductNumber, SO.Description
    FROM Production.Product P
    JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct O
        ON P.ProductID = O.ProductID
    JOIN Sales.SpecialOffer SO
        ON SO.SpecialOfferID = O.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE O.SpecialOfferID > 1

小結

• 要排除不匹配的欄位的時候 使用內部連結(INNER JOIN | JOIN)
• 要檢索儘可能匹配的資料, 但又要包含JOIN一側的表的所有資料, 使用外部連結.(LEFT | RIGHT OUTER JOIN)
• 要檢索儘可能匹配的資料, 但又要包含JOIN兩側的表的所有資料, 使用完全外連線.(FULL OUTER JOIN)
• 要基於兩個表的記錄建立笛卡爾積時, 使用交叉連線.(CROSS JOIN)
• 要將第二個查詢結果附加到第一個查詢結果時, 使用聯合.(UNION | UNION ALL)

練習題

• 針對AdventureWorks資料庫編寫一條查詢語句, 要求返回Name列幷包含NationalIDNumber為112457891的僱員的姓.

  SELECT P.LastName AS Name
    FROM Person.Person P
    JOIN HumanResources.Employee E
        ON P.BusinessEntityID = E.BusinessEntityID
    WHERE E.NationalIDNumber = '112457891';

• 針對AdventureWorks資料庫編寫一條查詢語句, 要求返回所有產品的ID和Name列, 包括沒有特價供應的所有產品和有No Discount特價供應的所有產品.

  SELECT P.ProductID, P.Name
    FROM Production.Product P
    LEFT JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct SSP
        ON P.ProductID = SSP.ProductID
    WHERE SSP.SpecialOfferID IS NULL
    UNION
  SELECT P.ProductID, P.Name
    FROM Production.Product P
    JOIN Sales.SpecialOfferProduct SSP
        ON P.ProductID = SSP.ProductID
    JOIN Sales.SpecialOffer SSO
        ON SSO.SpecialOfferID = SSP.SpecialOfferID
    WHERE SSO.Description = 'No Discount';