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Angular單元測試與E2E測試

本文介紹了Angular單元測試和E2E測試的配置與測試方法。示例APP使用Angular 7 CLI建立,已配置好基礎測試環境,生成了測試樣例程式碼。預設,Angular單元測試使用Jasmine測試框架和Karma測試執行器,E2E測試使用Jasmine測試框架和Protractor端到端測試框架。

配置單元測試

Jasmine是一個用於測試JavaScript的行為驅動開發框架,不依賴於任何其他JavaScript框架。
Karma是測試執行器,為開發人員提供了高效、真實的測試環境,支援多種瀏覽器,易於除錯。

配置檔案

單元測試配置檔案test.ts和karma.conf.js:
test.ts

import 'zone.js/dist/zone-testing';
import { getTestBed } from '@angular/core/testing';
import {
  BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
  platformBrowserDynamicTesting
} from '@angular/platform-browser-dynamic/testing';

declare const require: any;

// First, initialize the Angular testing environment.
getTestBed().initTestEnvironment(
  BrowserDynamicTestingModule,
  platformBrowserDynamicTesting()
);
// Then we find all the tests.
const context = require.context('./', true, /\.spec\.ts$/);
// And load the modules.
context.keys().map(context);

測試副檔名必須為.spec.ts。
karma.conf.js

module.exports = function (config) {
  config.set({
    basePath: '',
    frameworks: ['jasmine', '@angular-devkit/build-angular'],
    plugins: [
      require('karma-jasmine'),
      require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
      require('karma-jasmine-html-reporter'),
      require('karma-coverage-istanbul-reporter'),
      require('@angular-devkit/build-angular/plugins/karma')
    ],
    client: {
      clearContext: false // leave Jasmine Spec Runner output visible in browser
    },
    coverageIstanbulReporter: {
      dir: require('path').join(__dirname, '../coverage'),
      reports: ['html', 'lcovonly'],
      fixWebpackSourcePaths: true
    },
    reporters: ['progress', 'kjhtml'],
    port: 9876,
    colors: true,
    logLevel: config.LOG_INFO,
    autoWatch: true,
    browsers: ['Chrome'],
    singleRun: false
  });
};

預設使用Chrome瀏覽器,可生成單元測試報告和覆蓋率報告,覆蓋率報告儲存在根目錄coverage資料夾內,啟用autoWatch。
singleRun預設為false,如設為true則測試結束後會自動退出並根據測試結果返回程式碼0或1,常用於CI環境。

瀏覽器配置

Karma支援的瀏覽器:

  • Chrome
  • ChromeCanary
  • ChromeHeadless
  • PhantomJS
  • Firefox
  • Opera
  • IE
  • Safari

可同時配置多個瀏覽器進行測試,要啟用其他瀏覽器,需安裝依賴,比如啟用Firefox:

npm install karma-firefox-launcher --save-dev

然後在karma.conf.js內增加配置:

...
require('karma-chrome-launcher'),
require('karma-firefox-launcher'),
...
browsers: ['Chrome', 'Firefox'],
...

執行測試

用CLI建立App生成了一個單元測試檔案app.component.spec.ts。執行CLI命令ng test即可執行單元測試:

ng test

執行後在控制檯輸出測試結果並開啟瀏覽器:
Angular單元測試與E2E測試
瀏覽器會顯示測試結果,總測試數,失敗數。在頂部,每個點或叉對應一個測試用例,點表示成功,叉表示失敗,滑鼠移到點或叉上會顯示測試資訊。點選測試結果中的某一行,可重新執行某個或某組(測試套件)測試。

常用引數:
--browsers 指定使用的瀏覽器
--code-coverage 輸出覆蓋率報告
--code-coverage-exclude 排除檔案或路徑
--karma-config 指定Karma配置檔案
--prod 啟用production環境
--progress 預設為true,將編譯進度輸出到控制檯
--watch 預設為true,程式碼修改後會重新執行測試

自定義Launcher

karma-chrome-launcher、karma-firefox-launcher、karma-ie-launcher等均支援自定義Launcher,customLaunchers與--browsers結合使用可滿足多種環境的測試需求。每種瀏覽器支援的自定義屬性請檢視Karma Browsers文件。
比如,CI環境下常用Headless模式,不必使用瀏覽器介面,在karma.conf.js中增加如下配置:

browsers: ['Chrome'],
customLaunchers: {
  ChromeHeadlessCI: {
    base: 'ChromeHeadless',
    flags: ['--no-sandbox']
  }
},

執行如下命令進行測試:

ng test --watch=false --progress=false --browsers=ChromeHeadlessCI

測試覆蓋率

執行如下命令生成測試覆蓋率報告,報告儲存在專案根目錄下的coverage資料夾內:

ng test --watch=false --code-coverage

如想每次測試都生成報告,可修改CLI配置檔案angular.json:

"test": {
  "options": {
    "codeCoverage": true
  }
}

設定排除的檔案或路徑

ng test --watch=false --code-coverage --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts --code-coverage-exclude=src/app/hero-search/*

同樣可以在angular.json中配置:

"test": {
  "options": {
    "codeCoverage": true,
    "codeCoverageExclude": ["src/app/heroes/heroes.component.ts", "src/app/hero-search/*"]
  }
}

設定測試覆蓋率指標
編輯配置檔案karma.conf.js,增加如下內容:

coverageIstanbulReporter: {
  reports: [ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],
  fixWebpackSourcePaths: true,
  thresholds: {
    statements: 80,
    lines: 80,
    branches: 80,
    functions: 80
  }
}

測試報告中達到標準的背景為綠色:
Angular單元測試與E2E測試
注意:與CI整合時不要設定覆蓋率指標,否則若未到達指標,Job會終止。
LCOV
coverageIstanbulReporter中reports引數為[ 'html', 'lcovonly' ],會生成html和lcov兩種格式的報告。報告檔案lcov.info可與Sonar整合,在Sonar管理介面配置LCOV Files路徑,即可在Sonar中檢視測試情況。
Angular單元測試與E2E測試

編寫測試

第一個測試

使用CLI建立Service、Component等時會自動建立測試檔案,我們以建立App時生成的測試檔案app.component.spec.ts為例:

import {async, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';

describe('AppComponent', () => {
  beforeEach(async(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      imports: [
        RouterTestingModule
      ],
      declarations: [
        AppComponent
      ],
    }).compileComponents();
  }));

  it('should create the app', () => {
    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
    const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
    expect(app).toBeTruthy();
  });

  it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
    const app = fixture.debugElement.componentInstance;
    expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
  });

  it('should render title in a h1 tag', () => {
    const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
    fixture.detectChanges();
    const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
    expect(compiled.querySelector('h1').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
  });
});

測試結構
從上例我們可以瞭解測試的主要結構:
describe函式中包含了beforeEach和it兩類函式。describe相當於Java測試中的suite,也就是測試組,其中可以包含多個測試用例it。一般一個測試檔案含有一個describe,當然也可以有多個。beforeEach相當於Java測試中的@Before方法,每個測試用例執行前呼叫一次。同樣,還有afterEach、beforeAll、afterAll函式,afterEach在每個測試用例執行後呼叫一次,beforeAll、afterAll相當於Java測試中的@BeforeClass、@AfterClass方法,每個describe執行前後呼叫一次。

describe和it的第一個引數是測試的說明。it中可以包含一個或多個expect來執行測試驗證。

TestBed
TestBed是Angular測試中最重要的工具。

TestBed.configureTestingModule()方法動態構建TestingModule來模擬Angular @NgModule, 支援@NgModule的大多數屬性。

在測試中需匯入必要的依賴:要測試的元件及依賴。在AppComponent頁面中使用了router-outlet,因此我們匯入了RouterTestingModule來模擬RouterModule。Test Module預配置了一些元素,比如BrowserModule,不需匯入。

TestBed.createComponent()方法建立元件例項,返回ComponentFixture。ComponentFixture是一個測試工具(test harness),用於與建立的元件及相應的元素進行互動。

nativeElement和DebugElement
在示例中使用了fixture.debugElement.nativeElement,也可以寫成fixture.nativeElement。實際上,fixture.nativeElement是fixture.debugElement.nativeElement的一種簡化寫法。nativeElement依賴於執行時環境,Angular依賴DebugElement抽象來支援跨平臺。Angular建立DebugElement tree來包裝native element,nativeElement返回平臺相關的元素物件。

我們的測試樣例僅執行在瀏覽器中,因此nativeElement總為HTMLElement,可以使用querySelector()、querySelectorAll()方法來查詢元素。

element.querySelector('p');
element.querySelector('input');
element.querySelector('.welcome');
element.querySelectorAll('span');

detectChanges
createComponent() 函式不會繫結資料,必須呼叫fixture.detectChanges()來執行資料繫結,才能在元件元素中取得內容:

it('should render title in a h1 tag', () => {
  const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
  fixture.detectChanges();
  const compiled = fixture.debugElement.nativeElement;
  expect(compiled.querySelector('h1').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
});

當資料模型值改變後,也需呼叫fixture.detectChanges()方法:

it('should render title in a h1 tag', () => {
  const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
  const app = fixture.componentInstance;
  app.title = 'china';
  fixture.detectChanges();
  const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
  expect(compiled.querySelector('h1').textContent).toContain('Welcome to china!');
});

可以配置自動檢測,增加ComponentFixtureAutoDetect provider:

import { ComponentFixtureAutoDetect } from '@angular/core/testing';
...
TestBed.configureTestingModule({
  providers: [
    { provide: ComponentFixtureAutoDetect, useValue: true }
  ]
});

啟用自動檢測後僅需在數值改變後呼叫detectChanges():

it('should display original title', () => {
  // Hooray! No `fixture.detectChanges()` needed
  expect(h1.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});

it('should still see original title after comp.title change', () => {
  const oldTitle = comp.title;
  comp.title = 'Test Title';
  // Displayed title is old because Angular didn't hear the change :(
  expect(h1.textContent).toContain(oldTitle);
});

it('should display updated title after detectChanges', () => {
  comp.title = 'Test Title';
  fixture.detectChanges(); // detect changes explicitly
  expect(h1.textContent).toContain(comp.title);
});

同步和非同步beforeEach
元件常用 @Component.templateUrl 和 @Component.styleUrls 屬性來指定外部模板和CSS,Angular編譯器會在編譯期間讀取外部檔案。

@Component({
  selector: 'app-banner',
  templateUrl: './banner-external.component.html',
  styleUrls:  ['./banner-external.component.css']
})
beforeEach(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    declarations: [ BannerComponent ],
  });
  fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
});

當用CLI 的ng test命令執行含有如上同步beforeEach方法的測試時沒有問題,因為會在執行測試之前先編譯。若在非 CLI 環境下執行這些測試則可能失敗。要解決這個問題,可以呼叫compileComponents()進行顯示的編譯。compileComponents()方法是非同步的,必須在async()方法中呼叫:

beforeEach(async(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    imports: [
      RouterTestingModule
    ],
    declarations: [
      AppComponent
    ],
  }).compileComponents();
}));

呼叫 compileComponents() 會關閉當前的 TestBed 例項,不再允許進行配置,不能再呼叫任何 TestBed 中的配置方法,既不能調 configureTestingModule(),也不能呼叫任何 override... 方法。

常同時使用同步beforeEach和非同步beforeEach來協同工作,非同步的 beforeEach() 負責編譯元件,同步的 beforeEach() 負責執行其餘的準備程式碼。測試執行器會先呼叫非同步 beforeEach方法,執行完畢後再呼叫同步方法。

重構
示例中重複程式碼較多,我們用兩個beforeEach來簡化一下:

import {async, ComponentFixture, TestBed} from '@angular/core/testing';
import {RouterTestingModule} from '@angular/router/testing';
import {AppComponent} from './app.component';

describe('AppComponent', () => {
  let fixture: ComponentFixture<AppComponent>;
  let app: AppComponent;

  beforeEach(async(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      imports: [
        RouterTestingModule
      ],
      declarations: [
        AppComponent
      ],
    }).compileComponents();
  }));

  beforeEach(() => {
    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
    app = fixture.componentInstance;
    fixture.detectChanges();
  });

  it('should create the app', () => {
    expect(app).toBeTruthy();
  });

  it(`should have as title 'hello'`, () => {
    expect(app.title).toEqual('hello');
  });

  it('should render title in a h1 tag', () => {
    const compiled = fixture.nativeElement;
    expect(compiled.querySelector('h1').textContent).toContain('Welcome to hello!');
  });
});

也可以把這兩個 beforeEach() 重整成一個非同步的 beforeEach():

beforeEach(async(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
     imports: [
        RouterTestingModule
      ],
      declarations: [
        AppComponent
      ],
  })
  .compileComponents()
  .then(() => {
    fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
    app = fixture.componentInstance;
    fixture.detectChanges();
  });
}));

依賴注入與Mock

對簡單物件進行測試可以用new建立例項:

describe('ValueService', () => {
  let service: ValueService;
  beforeEach(() => { service = new ValueService(); });
    ...
});

不過大多數Service、Component等有多個依賴項,使用new很不方便。若用DI來建立測試物件,當依賴其他服務時,DI會找到或建立依賴的服務。要測試某個物件,在configureTestingModule中配置測試物件本身及依賴項,然後呼叫TestBed.get()注入測試物件:

beforeEach(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({ providers: [ValueService] });
  service = TestBed.get(ValueService);
});

單元測試的原則之一:僅對要測試物件本身進行測試,而不對其依賴項進行測試,依賴項通過mock方式注入,而不使用實際的物件,否則測試不可控。

Mock優先使用Spy方式:

let masterService: MasterService;

beforeEach(() => {
  const spy = jasmine.createSpyObj('ValueService', ['getValue']);
    spy.getValue.and.returnValue('stub value');

  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    // Provide both the service-to-test and its (spy) dependency
    providers: [
      MasterService,
      { provide: ValueService, useValue: spy }
    ]
  });

  masterService = TestBed.get(MasterService);
});

HttpClient、Router、Location

同測試含其它依賴的物件一樣可以使用spy方式:

beforeEach(() => {
  const httpClientSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('HttpClient', ['get']);

  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    providers: [
      {provide: HttpClient, useValue: httpClientSpy}
    ]
  });
});
beforeEach(async(() => {
  const routerSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Router', ['navigateByUrl']);
  const locationSpy = jasmine.createSpyObj('Location', ['back']);

  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    providers: [
      {provide: Router, useValue: routerSpy},
      {provide: Location, useValue: locationSpy}
    ]
  })
    .compileComponents();
}));

Component測試

  • 僅測試元件類

測試元件類就像測試服務那樣簡單:
元件類

export class WelcomeComponent  implements OnInit {
  welcome: string;
  constructor(private userService: UserService) { }

  ngOnInit(): void {
    this.welcome = this.userService.isLoggedIn ?
      'Welcome, ' + this.userService.user.name : 'Please log in.';
  }
}

Mock類

class MockUserService {
  isLoggedIn = true;
  user = { name: 'Test User'};
};

測試

...
beforeEach(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    // provide the component-under-test and dependent service
    providers: [
      WelcomeComponent,
      { provide: UserService, useClass: MockUserService }
    ]
  });
  // inject both the component and the dependent service.
  comp = TestBed.get(WelcomeComponent);
  userService = TestBed.get(UserService);
});
...
it('should ask user to log in if not logged in after ngOnInit', () => {
  userService.isLoggedIn = false;
  comp.ngOnInit();
  expect(comp.welcome).not.toContain(userService.user.name);
  expect(comp.welcome).toContain('log in');
});
  • 元件DOM測試

只涉及類的測試可以判斷元件類的行為是否正常,但不能確定元件是否能正常渲染和互動。
進行元件DOM測試,需要使用TestBed.createComponent()等方法,第一個測試即為元件DOM測試。

TestBed.configureTestingModule({
  declarations: [ BannerComponent ]
});
const fixture = TestBed.createComponent(BannerComponent);
const component = fixture.componentInstance;
expect(component).toBeDefined();

dispatchEvent
為模擬使用者輸入,比如為input元素輸入值,要找到input元素並設定它的 value 屬性。Angular不知道你設定了input元素的value屬性,需要呼叫 dispatchEvent() 觸發輸入框的 input 事件,再呼叫 detectChanges():

it('should convert hero name to Title Case', () => {
  // get the name's input and display elements from the DOM
  const hostElement = fixture.nativeElement;
  const nameInput: HTMLInputElement = hostElement.querySelector('input');
  const nameDisplay: HTMLElement = hostElement.querySelector('span');

  nameInput.value = 'quick BROWN  fOx';

  // dispatch a DOM event so that Angular learns of input value change.
  nameInput.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));

  fixture.detectChanges();

  expect(nameDisplay.textContent).toBe('Quick Brown  Fox');
});

巢狀元件

元件中常常使用其他元件:

<app-banner></app-banner>
<app-welcome></app-welcome>
<nav>
  <a routerLink="/dashboard">Dashboard</a>
  <a routerLink="/heroes">Heroes</a>
  <a routerLink="/about">About</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

對於無害的內嵌元件可以直接將其新增到declarations中,這是最簡單的方式:

describe('AppComponent & TestModule', () => {
  beforeEach(async(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      declarations: [
        AppComponent,
        BannerComponent,
                WelcomeComponent
      ]
    })
    .compileComponents().then(() => {
      fixture = TestBed.createComponent(AppComponent);
      comp    = fixture.componentInstance;
    });
  }));
  ...
});

也可為無關緊要的元件建立一些測試樁:

@Component({selector: 'app-banner', template: ''})
class BannerStubComponent {}

@Component({selector: 'router-outlet', template: ''})
class RouterOutletStubComponent { }

@Component({selector: 'app-welcome', template: ''})
class WelcomeStubComponent {}

然後在TestBed的配置中宣告它們:

TestBed.configureTestingModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    BannerStubComponent,
    RouterOutletStubComponent,
    WelcomeStubComponent
  ]
})

另一種辦法是使用NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA,要求 Angular編譯器忽略那些不認識的元素和屬性:

TestBed.configureTestingModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    RouterLinkDirectiveStub
  ],
  schemas: [ NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA ]
})

NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA方法比較簡單,但不要過度使用。NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA 會阻止編譯器因疏忽或拼寫錯誤而缺失的元件和屬性,如人工找出這些 bug會很費時。

屬性指令測試

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input, OnChanges } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[highlight]' })
/** Set backgroundColor for the attached element to highlight color and set the element's customProperty to true */
export class HighlightDirective implements OnChanges {

  defaultColor =  'rgb(211, 211, 211)'; // lightgray

  @Input('highlight') bgColor: string;

  constructor(private el: ElementRef) {
    el.nativeElement.style.customProperty = true;
  }

  ngOnChanges() {
    this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = this.bgColor || this.defaultColor;
  }
}

屬性型指令肯定要操縱 DOM,如只針對類測試不能證明指令的有效性。若通過元件來測試,單一的用例一般無法探索指令的全部能力。因此,更好的方法是建立一個能展示該指令所有用法的人造測試元件:

@Component({
  template: `
  <h2 highlight="yellow">Something Yellow</h2>
  <h2 highlight>The Default (Gray)</h2>
  <h2>No Highlight</h2>
  <input #box [highlight]="box.value" value="cyan"/>`
})
class TestComponent { }

測試程式:

beforeEach(() => {
  fixture = TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    declarations: [ HighlightDirective, TestComponent ]
  })
  .createComponent(TestComponent);

  fixture.detectChanges(); // initial binding

  // all elements with an attached HighlightDirective
  des = fixture.debugElement.queryAll(By.directive(HighlightDirective));

  // the h2 without the HighlightDirective
  bareH2 = fixture.debugElement.query(By.css('h2:not([highlight])'));
});

// color tests
it('should have three highlighted elements', () => {
  expect(des.length).toBe(3);
});

it('should color 1st <h2> background "yellow"', () => {
  const bgColor = des[0].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
  expect(bgColor).toBe('yellow');
});

it('should color 2nd <h2> background w/ default color', () => {
  const dir = des[1].injector.get(HighlightDirective) as HighlightDirective;
  const bgColor = des[1].nativeElement.style.backgroundColor;
  expect(bgColor).toBe(dir.defaultColor);
});

it('should bind <input> background to value color', () => {
  // easier to work with nativeElement
  const input = des[2].nativeElement as HTMLInputElement;
  expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('cyan', 'initial backgroundColor');

  // dispatch a DOM event so that Angular responds to the input value change.
  input.value = 'green';
  input.dispatchEvent(newEvent('input'));
  fixture.detectChanges();

  expect(input.style.backgroundColor).toBe('green', 'changed backgroundColor');
});

it('bare <h2> should not have a customProperty', () => {
  expect(bareH2.properties['customProperty']).toBeUndefined();
});

Pipe測試

describe('TitleCasePipe', () => {
  // This pipe is a pure, stateless function so no need for BeforeEach
  let pipe = new TitleCasePipe();

  it('transforms "abc" to "Abc"', () => {
    expect(pipe.transform('abc')).toBe('Abc');
  });

  it('transforms "abc def" to "Abc Def"', () => {
    expect(pipe.transform('abc def')).toBe('Abc Def');
  });

  ...
});

Testing Module

RouterTestingModule
在前面的測試中我們使用了測試樁RouterOutletStubComponent,與Router有關的測試還可以使用RouterTestingModule:

beforeEach(async(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestingModule({
    imports: [
      RouterTestingModule
    ],
    declarations: [
      AppComponent
    ],
  }).compileComponents();
}));

RouterTestingModule還可以模擬路由:

beforeEach(() => {
  TestBed.configureTestModule({
    imports: [
      RouterTestingModule.withRoutes(
        [{path: '', component: BlankCmp}, {path: 'simple', component: SimpleCmp}]
      )
    ]
  });
});

HttpClientTestingModule

describe('HttpClient testing', () => {
  let httpClient: HttpClient;
  let httpTestingController: HttpTestingController;

  beforeEach(() => {
    TestBed.configureTestingModule({
      imports: [ HttpClientTestingModule ]
    });

    // Inject the http service and test controller for each test
    httpClient = TestBed.get(HttpClient);
    httpTestingController = TestBed.get(HttpTestingController);
  });

  afterEach(() => {
    // After every test, assert that there are no more pending requests.
    httpTestingController.verify();
  });

  it('can test HttpClient.get', () => {
    const testData: Data = {name: 'Test Data'};

    // Make an HTTP GET request
    httpClient.get<Data>(testUrl)
      .subscribe(data =>
        // When observable resolves, result should match test data
        expect(data).toEqual(testData)
      );

    // The following `expectOne()` will match the request's URL.
    // If no requests or multiple requests matched that URL
    // `expectOne()` would throw.
    const req = httpTestingController.expectOne('/data');

    // Assert that the request is a GET.
    expect(req.request.method).toEqual('GET');

    // Respond with mock data, causing Observable to resolve.
    // Subscribe callback asserts that correct data was returned.
    req.flush(testData);

    // Finally, assert that there are no outstanding requests.
    httpTestingController.verify();
  });

    ...
});

除錯

在測試結果瀏覽器中,點選“DEBUG”按鈕會開啟新瀏標籤頁並重新執行測試程式。按"F12"開啟除錯介面,然後進入Sources找到測試檔案(CTRL+P),在測試程式中設定斷點即可除錯。

配置E2E測試

E2E測試使用Jasmine和Protractor測試框架,Protractor是Angular端到端測試框架。

安裝Protractor

npm install -g protractor

在專案中執行npm install時會安裝protractor,不必單獨執行以上命令。安裝protractor後會安裝兩個命令列工具protractor和webdriver-manager(位於node_modules\protractor\bin目錄),webdriver-manager負責管理驅動、啟停Selenium Server。

webdriver-manager命令:

clean      removes all downloaded driver files from the out_dir
start      start up the selenium server
shutdown   shut down the selenium server
status     list the current available drivers
update     install or update selected binaries,更新的驅動儲存在node_modules\protractor\node_modules\webdriver-manager\selenium目錄下
version    get the current version

配置檔案

使用CLI建立的App會生成一個e2e專案,其中包含測試配置protractor.conf.js及測試程式碼。
protractor.conf.js

const { SpecReporter } = require('jasmine-spec-reporter');

exports.config = {
  allScriptsTimeout: 11000,
  specs: [
    './src/**/*.e2e-spec.ts'
  ],
  capabilities: {
    'browserName': 'chrome'
  },
  directConnect: true,
  baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',
  framework: 'jasmine',
  jasmineNodeOpts: {
    showColors: true,
    defaultTimeoutInterval: 30000,
    print: function() {}
  },
  onPrepare() {
    require('ts-node').register({
      project: require('path').join(__dirname, './tsconfig.e2e.json')
    });
    jasmine.getEnv().addReporter(new SpecReporter({ spec: { displayStacktrace: true } }));
  }
};

預設,Protractor使用Jasmine測試框架,使用直連方式連線Chrome瀏覽器,測試副檔名為.e2e-spec.ts。

瀏覽器配置

Protractor支援Chrome、Firefox、Safari、IE等瀏覽器。
多瀏覽器
Protractor可同時啟動多個瀏覽器,用一個瀏覽器時,在配置中使用capabilities選項;用多個瀏覽器時,使用multiCapabilities:

multiCapabilities: [{
  browserName: 'firefox'
}, {
  browserName: 'chrome'
}]

另外需在package.json中增加配置:

"scripts": {
  "webdriver-update": "webdriver-manager update"
}

在執行測試前執行:

npm run webdriver-update

否則專案中的驅動不會更新(預設只有chrome驅動,在命令列執行webdriver-manager update僅更新全域性的驅動),執行測試會報如下錯誤:

No update-config.json found. Run 'webdriver-manager update' to download binaries

瀏覽器選項

capabilities: {
  'browserName': 'chrome',
  'chromeOptions': {
    'args': ['show-fps-counter=true']
  }
},
capabilities: {
  'browserName': 'firefox',
  'moz:firefoxOptions': {
    'args': ['--safe-mode']
  }
},

更多選項請檢視相應驅動ChromeDriverGeckoDriver

Selenium Server配置

使用Standalone Selenium Server時,需安裝JDK。
更新driver後啟動Selenium Server:

webdriver-manager update
webdriver-manager start

刪除原配置中的directConnect、baseUrl:

directConnect: true,
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:4200/',

增加seleniumAddress(預設為http://localhost:4444/wd/hub):

seleniumAddress: 'http://localhost:4444/wd/hub',

執行測試

執行CLI命令 ng e2e即可執行E2E測試:

ng e2e

常用引數:

--base-url  Base URL for protractor to connect to.
--configuration (-c)  A named configuration environment, as specified in the "configurations" section of angular.json.
--host  Host to listen on.
--port  The port to use to serve the application.
--prod  When true, sets the build configuration to the production environment.
--protractor-config  The name of the Protractor configuration file.
--webdriver-update  Try to update webdriver.

指定配置檔案

不同的環境若配置不同,可使用不同的配置檔案。

比如,在CI環境中啟用Chrome Headless模式:
在e2e根目錄下建立一名為protractor-ci.conf.js的新檔案,內容如下:

const config = require('./protractor.conf').config;

config.capabilities = {
  browserName: 'chrome',
  chromeOptions: {
    args: ['--headless', '--no-sandbox']
  }
};

exports.config = config;

注意: windows系統要增加引數--disable-gpu

執行以下命令測試:

ng e2e --protractor-config=e2e\protractor-ci.conf.js

編寫E2E測試

第一個測試

import { AppPage } from './app.po';

describe('workspace-project App', () => {
  let page: AppPage;

  beforeEach(() => {
    page = new AppPage();
  });

  it('should display welcome message', () => {
    page.navigateTo();
    expect(page.getTitleText()).toEqual('Welcome to hello!');
  });
});
import { browser, by, element } from 'protractor';

export class AppPage {
  navigateTo() {
    return browser.get('/');
  }

  getTitleText() {
    return element(by.css('app-root h1')).getText();
  }
}

E2E測試與單元測試都使用了Jasmine,測試結構相同。Protractor提供了全域性的browser、element、by,分別用來開啟頁面和查詢元素。

Protractor

describe('Protractor Demo App', function() {
  it('should add one and two', function() {
    browser.get('http://juliemr.github.io/protractor-demo/');
    element(by.model('first')).sendKeys(1);
    element(by.model('second')).sendKeys(2);

    element(by.id('gobutton')).click();

    expect(element(by.binding('latest')).getText()).
        toEqual('5'); // This is wrong!
  });
});