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git stash使用教程

git stash用於將當前工作區的修改暫存起來,就像堆疊一樣,可以隨時將某一次快取的修改再重新應用到當前工作區。一旦用好了這個命令,會極大提高工作效率。 舉例說明:

1、準備工作,首先初始化一個git倉

隨便建立一個目錄,進去,然後使用 :
$: git init .
新增一個檔案:
$: touch hello
$: git add .
$: git commit -m "first add"

2、暫存當前修改內容(git stash)

假設我們在寫一個C函式,如下:
$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}

除錯OK,發現func1功能OK,但是應該優化一下,可能效率更高,這個時候怎麼辦? 直接改func1的話,如果發現修改不合適,想回退的話很麻煩,這個時候可以用git stash將將修改暫存起來。

$: ~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean

3、彈出修改內容(git stash pop)

這個時候你重新編寫func1, 發現效果不好,後悔了,於是可以用git stash pop命令,彈出剛才的內容(注意先用git checkout . 清空工作區)

$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..9c5bff3 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+some bad chenges....
$:~/code/linux/git$ git checkout .
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash pop
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

    modified:   hello.c

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/
[email protected]
{0} (208ca2e2c0c455da554986a6770a74ad0de5b1e0) $:~/code/linux/git$ git diff diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644 --- a/hello.c +++ b/hello.c @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");} +void main(void) {return func1();}

注意,git stash pop 彈出成功後,暫存列表裡面就沒有了,如果當前工作區不乾淨,彈出時有衝突,則暫存列表會繼續保留修改。

4、可以儲存多個修改

假設你在實現一個功能,有好幾種演算法可以實現,你想逐個嘗試看效果。 現在你在func1中實現了一種方法,準備嘗試寫func2,用另一種方法。 那麼可以將func1的修改入棧,去寫fun2,等fun2寫好後,你又想試試func3,那麼沒關係,可以用同樣的方法儲存func2的修改:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean
$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..7fd0a13 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func2(void) {printf("this is func2");}
+void main(void) {return func2();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash
Saved working directory and index state WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working directory clean

5、檢視儲存的內容列表(git stash list)

現在我們儲存了兩個修改,一個func1,一個func2,可以通過git stash list去檢視儲存內容列表:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
[email protected]{0}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
[email protected]{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

可以清楚的看到這兩次修改,[email protected]{0}和[email protected]{1}, 那麼哪個對應func1,哪個對應func2的修改呢? 這時我們需要使用git stash show [email protected]{X}命令來檢視,其中‘X’表示列表號。

$:~/code/linux/git$ git show [email protected]{0}
commit 72e6a391bcad186ab24676aa1db8d5831c99cec9
Merge: 452b08d 6c95c30
Author: hiekay
Date:   Sat Mar 12 19:56:18 2016 +0800

    WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

diff --cc hello.c
index e69de29,e69de29..7fd0a13
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@@ -1,0 -1,0 +1,2 @@@
++void func2(void) {printf("this is func2");}
++void main(void) {return func2();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git show [email protected]{1}
commit 7fcca4b66640c51ca76e637df03264b7c41885be
Merge: 452b08d 1c37881
Author: hiekay
Date:   Sat Mar 12 19:54:35 2016 +0800

    WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

diff --cc hello.c
index e69de29,e69de29..bdc92a5
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@@ -1,0 -1,0 +1,2 @@@
++void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
++void main(void) {return func1();}

發現[email protected]{0}對應func2的修改, [email protected]{1}對應func1的修改,原來新入棧的修改,其代號為0,迴圈命名。

6、應用任意一次修改到當前目錄(git apply [email protected]{x})

如果現在又想回到func1的修改,怎麼辦呢?在工作區乾淨的情況下,要使用git stash apply [email protected]{1}。 注意這時不能使用git stash pop, 它將最棧頂,即[email protected]{0}的修改彈出來,而func1現在已經是[email protected]{1}了。

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash apply [email protected]{1}
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)

    modified:   hello.c

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..bdc92a5 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func1(void) {printf("this is func1");}
+void main(void) {return func1();}

可見git stash apply可以將列表中任何一次修改應用到當前工作區,我們再次git stash list一把:

$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
[email protected]{0}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
[email protected]{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

我們發現,雖然func1的修改已經被彈出應用到當前工作區,其修改內容還繼續保留在暫存列表,並未丟棄。 當然,我們可以使用git stash drop [email protected]{1}來丟掉[email protected]{1}

7、儲存時打標記(git stash save)

假設現在我們又開始嘗試寫func3, 這樣越來越多,這樣列表會越來越大,你要想搞清楚某次修改對應哪個函式,就要挨個用git stash show看一遍,很麻煩。 那麼,這個時候git stash 的save引數就有用了,它可以為這次暫存做個標記,使得你用git stash list的時候顯示這些標記,方便你回憶是修改的什麼:

$:~/code/linux/git$ vim hello.c 
$:~/code/linux/git$ git diff
diff --git a/hello.c b/hello.c
index e69de29..786c214 100644
--- a/hello.c
+++ b/hello.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+void func3(void) {printf("this is func3");}
+void main(void) {return func3();}
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash save "this is func3"
Saved working directory and index state On master: this is func3
HEAD is now at 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
$:~/code/linux/git$ git stash list
[email protected]{0}: On master: this is func3
[email protected]{1}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c
[email protected]{2}: WIP on master: 452b08d rename hello as hello.c

我們在save後面指定一個字串,作為提醒,這樣在git stash list檢視時就能知道每一個代號對應的修改了。