什麼是變數

假設兩個list做數學運算

>>> [1,2,3,4,5,6] [1,2,3]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
    [1,2,3,4,5,6] [1,2,3]
TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not tuple

//A B,先把A乘以3，然後加上B，最後再加上列表A
>>> [1,2,3,4,5,6]*3+[1,2,3]+[1,2,3,4,5,6]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> A = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> print(A)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> B = [1,2,3]
>>> A*3 + B + A
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
 

變數名的命名規則

變數名命名只能使用字母、數字、下劃線

>>> 1a = 2   //變數名的首字母不能是數字
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> A2 = '1'
>>> _2 = '1'
>>> A*B='1'
SyntaxError: can't assign to operator  

系統關鍵字，不能用在變數名中 保留關鍵字

>>> and = 1
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> if = 2
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> import = 3
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> type = 3   //type不是系統保留關鍵字，但是不建議作為變數名，否則極易出錯
>>> print(type)
3
>>> type = 1
>>> type(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
    type(1)
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
>>> 1(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
    1(1)
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
 

python動態語言的特性，宣告時不需要指明變數型別

>>> a = '1'
>>> a = 1
>>> a = (1,2,3)
>>> a = {1,2,3}

值型別與引用型別

int、str、tuple是值型別（不可變），list、set、dict是引用型別（可變）

1.int

>>> a = 1
>>> b = a
>>> a = 3
>>> print(b)
1

2.list

>>> a = [1,2,3,4,5]
>>> b = a
>>> a[0] = '1'
>>> print(a)
['1', 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> print(b)
['1', 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> id(a)
4405825224
>>> hex(id(a))
'0x1069b8ec8'
>>> a[0]='1'
>>> id(a)
4405825224
>>> 
 

3.str

>>> a = 'hello'
>>> a = a + 'python'  //a加上一個新的字串，不再是原來的字串了
>>> print(a)
hellopython
>>> b = 'hello'
>>> id(b)
4405534032
>>> b = b + 'python'  //加上新的字串後，id改變
>>> id(b)
4355329456
>>> 'python'[0]
'p'
>>> 'python'[0]='o'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
    'python'[0]='o'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

4.tuple

>>> a = (1,2,3)
>>> a[0] = '1'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#21>", line 1, in <module>
    a[0] = '1'
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> b.append(4)
>>> print(b)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> c = (1,2,3)
>>> c.append(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#26>", line 1, in <module>
    c.append(4)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'

>>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,4])
>>> a[2]
3
>>> a[3]
[1, 2, 4]
>>> a[3][2]
4
>>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,['a','b','c']])
>>> a[3][2][1]
'b'
>>> a = (1,2,3,[1,2,4])
>>> a[2] = '3'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
    a[2] = '3'
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> a[3][2] = '4'
>>> print(a)    //元組內的列表可變
(1, 2, 3, [1, 2, '4'])

運算子

1.算數運算子：+，-，* ，/，//，%，**

>>> 'hello'+'world'
'helloworld'
>>> [1,2,3]*3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
>>> 3-1
2
>>> 3/2
1.5
>>> 3//2   //整除
1
>>> 5%2   //求餘
1
>>> 2**2   //求N次方
4
>>> 2**5
32

2.賦值運算子：=，+=，-=，*=，/=，%=，**=，//=

>>> c = 1
>>> c = c+1
>>> print(c)
2
>>> c+=1
>>> print(c)
3
>>> c-=1
>>> print(c)
2
>>> c++   //python中沒有自增和自減運算子
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> c--
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> b=2
>>> a=3
>>> b+=a
>>> print(b)
5
>>> b-=a
>>> print(b)
2
>>> b*=a
>>> print(b)
6

3.比較（關係）運算子：==，！=，>，<，>=，<=

>>> 1==1
True
>>> 1>1
False
>>> 1>=1
True
>>> a>=b
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
    a>=b
NameError: name 'a' is not defined
>>> a=1
>>> b=2
>>> a!=b
True
>>> b=1
>>> b+=b>=1    //b=b+True
>>> print(b)
2
>>> print(b>=1)     
True

>>> 1>1
False
>>> 2>3
False
>>> 'a'>'b'
False
>>> ord('a')
97
>>> ord('b')
98
>>> 'abc'<'abd'   //實際上是a和a比，b和b比，c和d比
True
>>> ord('abc')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#12>", line 1, in <module>
    ord('abc')
TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 3 found
>>> ord('c')
99
>>> ord('d')
100
>>> [1,2,3]<[2,3,4]
True
>>> (1,2,3)<(1,3,2)
True

4.邏輯運算子：and，or，not

>>> True and True
True
>>> True and False
False
>>> True or False
True
>>> False or False
False
>>> not False
True
>>> not True
False
>>> not not True
True

0 被認為是False，非0 表示True

>>> 1 and 1
1
>>> 'a' and 'b'
'b'
>>> 'a' or 'b'
'a'
>>> not 'a'
False
>>> a = True
>>> b = False
>>> a or b
True
>>> b and a
False

空字串 False

>>> not 0.1
False
>>> not ''
True
>>> not '0'
False

空的列表 False

>>> not []
True
>>> not [1,2]
False
>>> [1] or []
[1]
>>> [] or [1]
[1]
>>> 'a' and 'b'
'b'
>>> '' and 'b'
''
>>> 1 and 0
0
>>> 0 and 1
0
>>> 1 and 2
2
>>> 2 and 1
1
>>> 0 or 1
1
>>> 1 or 0
1
>>> 1 or 2
1

5.成員運算子：in，not in

>>> a = 1
>>> a in [1,2,3,4,5]
True
>>> b = 6
>>> b in [1,2,3,4,5]
False
>>> b not in [1,2,3,4,5]
True
>>> b = 'h'
>>> b in 'hello'
True
>>> b not in (1,2,3,4,5)
True
>>> b not in {1,2,3,4,5}
True
>>> b = 'a'
>>> b in {'c':1}
False
>>> b = 1
>>> b in {'c':1}
False
>>> b = 'c'
>>> b in {'c':1}   //字典裡面根據key返回
True

6.身份運算子：is，is not

物件的三個特徵：id、value、type，判斷id用“is”，判斷value用“==”，判斷type用“isinstance”

>>> a = 1
>>> b = 1
>>> a is b
True
>>> a='hello'
>>> b='world'
>>> a is b
False
>>> c='hello'
>>> a is c
True
>>> a=1
>>> b=2
>>> a==b
False
>>> a=1
>>> b=1
>>> a is b
True
>>> a==b
True
>>> a=1
>>> b=1.0
>>> a==b
True
>>> a is b   //is不是比較值相等，比較的是兩個變數的身份（記憶體地址）是否相等
False
>>> id(a)
4374928384
>>> id(b)
4376239272


>>> a={1,2,3}
>>> b={2,1,3}
>>> a==b    //集合是無序的
True
>>> a is b
False
>>> id(a)
4433997384
>>> id(b)
4433996488

>>> c=(1,2,3)
>>> d=(2,1,3)
>>> c==d    //元組是序列，是有序的
False
>>> c is d
False

>>> a=1
>>> b=2
>>> a==b
False
>>> a is b
False

>>> a = 'hello'
>>> type(a) == int
False
>>> type(a) == str
True
>>> isinstance(a,str)   //isinstance是判斷變數型別的函式
True
>>> isinstance(a,int)
False
>>> isinstance(a,(int,str,float))
True
>>> isinstance(a,(int,float))
False

7.位運算子：（把數字當作二進位制數進行運算）

• &按位與
• |按位或
• ^按位異或
• ~按位取反
• <<左移動
• >>右移動

按位與運算，每一個二進位制數位進行對比，兩個都為1，則得到1，只要有一個為0，就得到0

>>> a = 2
>>> b = 3
>>> a & b
2

按位或運算，每一個二進位制數位進行對比，只要有一個為1，就得到1，兩個都為0，則得到0

>>> a = 2
>>> b = 3
>>> a | b
3