Python常用庫urllib中urllib.request模組使用詳解
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-12-23
1.urllib2和urllib庫的區別
Urllib庫是Python中的一個功能強大、用於操作URL，並在做爬蟲的時候經常要用到的庫。在Python2.x中，分為Urllib庫和Urllin2庫，Python3.x之後都合併到Urllib庫中了。實際開發中，用Requests多餘urllib.
這裡介紹使用的python3中的urllib庫包括以下模組
- urllib.request 請求模組
- urllib.error 異常處理模組
- urllib.parse url解析模組
- urllib.robotparser robots.txt 解析模組
urllib和urllib2庫中模組的主要變化有：
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urllib2=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.request，urllib.error。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urllib=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.request，urllib.error，urllib.parse。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urlparse=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.parse。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urlopen=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.request.urlopen。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urlencode=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.parse.urlencode。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用import urllib.quote=====>在Python3.x中會使用import urllib.request.quote。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用cookielib.CookieJa=====>在Python3.x中會使用http.CookieJar。
- 在Pytho2.x中使用urllib2.Request——-對應的，在Python3.x中會使用urllib.request.Request。
2. python3中的urllib的使用詳解
學習的官方文件地址：urllib的官網學習文件地址
3.urllib.request 請求模組的使用詳解
3.1 urllib.request.urlopen的用法
urlopen使用格式與引數解釋：
urllib.request.urlopen(url, data=None, [timeout, ]*, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None)
1.urlopen()只有一個引數url
import urllib.request
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
注意如果在pycharm非命令列模式直接用print(response.read())即可。
使用response物件的read()方法讀取網頁內容，然後打印出來，因為讀取的網頁內容位元組流，所以要列印時要轉成utf-8格式
讀取內容常見的有3種方式，其用法是：
1. read()讀取檔案的全部內容，與readlines()不同的是，read()會把讀取到的內容賦給一個字串變數。
2. readlines()讀取檔案的全部內容，readlines()會把讀取到的內容賦值給一個列表變數。
3. readline()讀取檔案的一行內容。
---------------------
1.這是時候可以將爬取的網頁內容儲存到本地
#注意這裡response物件的內容只能讀取一次，使用一次read（）,再次read()是空值，跟一般檔案讀取一樣。
'''方法1：將爬取的網頁內容儲存到本地
f = open('./a.html','wb')
f.write(t)
f.close()'''
#方法2：儲存為html檔案，可以直接使用瀏覽器開啟驗證。
with open('./b.html','wb') as f:
f.write(t)
f.close()
2.可以指定顯示爬取的網頁中部分資訊
print(response.info())
print(response.geturl())
print(response.getcode())如上：可以看出，urlopen中的引數除了請求網頁url是必須的，其餘都是可選擇的引數，同樣如下：
from urllib import request
with request.urlopen('https://baidu.com') as f:
data = f.read() #讀取響應的資料
print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
for k, v in f.getheaders(): #遍歷列印響應頭資料，json格式，跟瀏覽器格式一樣
print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
print('Data:', data) #如果在互動模式下，需要是用decode()進行轉換
'''程式執行結果如下：
Status: 200 OK
Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2018 08:10:48 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: Close
Vary: Accept-Encoding
Set-Cookie: BAIDUID=348DA5244A4C87E823EE2DC9D5659A14:FG=1; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: BIDUPSID=348DA5244A4C87E823EE2DC9D5659A14; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: PSTM=1545293448; expires=Thu, 31-Dec-37 23:55:55 GMT; max-age=2147483647; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: delPer=0; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
Set-Cookie: BDSVRTM=0; path=/
Set-Cookie: BD_HOME=0; path=/
Set-Cookie: H_PS_PSSID=26525_1423_21078_18560_28132_26350_27750_28140; path=/; domain=.baidu.com
P3P: CP=" OTI DSP COR IVA OUR IND COM "
Cxy_all: baidu+02d0ae63f27832db9f1ff400b8273995
Cache-Control: private
Expires: Thu, 20 Dec 2018 08:10:40 GMT
Server: BWS/1.1
X-UA-Compatible: IE=Edge,chrome=1
BDPAGETYPE: 1
BDQID: 0x8b38ae5c0005a450
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