CentOS 7虛擬機器安裝Oracle11g詳解
一、安裝Oracle前準備
1.建立執行oracle資料庫的系統使用者和使用者組
[[email protected]~]$ su root #切換到root
Password:
[[email protected]]# groupadd oinstall #建立使用者組oinstall
[[email protected]]# groupadd dba #建立使用者組dba
[[email protected]]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle #建立oracle使用者，並加入到oinstall和dba使用者組
[[email protected]]# passwd oracle #設定使用者oracle的登陸密碼，不設定密碼，在CentOS的圖形登陸介面沒法登陸
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: # 密碼
BAD PASSWORD: Thepassword is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: #確認密碼
passwd: all authentication tokens updatedsuccessfully.
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba)groups=1002(dba)
理論上單例按照需要3種使用者組，實際只建兩個oinstall和dba，後面再安裝oracle資料庫的時候把OSOPER組也設定是dba組。
a.oracle 清單組（一般為oinstall):
OINSTALL 組的成員被視為 Oracle 軟體的“所有者”，擁有對 Oracle 中央清單 (oraInventory) 的寫入許可權。在一個 Linux 系統上首次安裝 Oracle 軟體時，
OUI 會建立/etc/oraInst.loc 檔案。該檔案指定 Oracle 清單組的名稱（預設為 oinstall）以及 Oracle 中央清單目錄的路徑。
b.資料庫管理員（OSDBA，一般為dba）:
OSDBA 組的成員可通過作業系統身份驗證使用 SQL 以 SYSDBA 身份連線到一個 Oracle 例項。該組的成員可執行關鍵的資料庫管理任務，如建立資料庫、啟動和關
閉例項。該組的預設名稱為dba。SYSDBA 系統許可權甚至在資料庫未開啟時也允許訪問資料庫例項。對此許可權的控制完全超出了資料庫本身的範圍。不要混淆 SYSDBA
系統許可權與資料庫角色 DBA。DBA 角色不包括 SYSDBA 或SYSOPER 系統許可權。
c.資料庫操作員組（OSOPER，一般為 oper）:
OSOPER 組的成員可通過作業系統身份驗證使用 SQL 以 SYSOPER 身份連線到一個 Oracle 例項。這個可選組的成員擁有一組有限的資料庫管理許可權，如管理和執行備份。
該組的預設名稱為oper。SYSOPER 系統許可權甚至在資料庫未開啟時也允許訪問資料庫例項。對此許可權的控制完全超出了資料庫本身的範圍。要使用該組，選擇 Advanced 安裝型別來安裝 Oracle 資料庫軟體。
2.建立oracle資料庫安裝目錄
[[email protected]~]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected]]# mkdir -p /data/oracle #oracle資料庫安裝目錄
[[email protected]]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory #oracle資料庫配置檔案目錄
[[email protected]]# mkdir -p /data/database #oracle資料庫軟體包解壓目錄
[[email protected]]# cd /data
[[email protected]]# ls #建立完畢檢查一下（強迫症）
database oracle oraInventory
[[email protected]]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle #設定目錄所有者為oinstall使用者組的oracle使用者
[[email protected]]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory
[[email protected]]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database
[[email protected] data]#
3.修改OS系統標識
修改檔案 /etc/RedHat-release
[[email protected]]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected]]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64([email protected]) (gcc version 4.8.320140911 (Red Hat4.8.3-9) (GCC) ) #1 SMPThu Nov1922:10:57 UTC2015
[[email protected]]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
[[email protected]]# vi /etc/redhat-release
[[email protected]]# cat /etc/redhat-release
redhat-7
4.安裝oracle資料庫所需要的軟體包
The following packages (or later versions) must be installed:
binutils-2.23.52.0.1-12.el7.x86_64
compat-libcap1-1.10-3.el7.x86_64
gcc-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
gcc-c++-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
glibc-2.17-36.el7.i686
glibc-2.17-36.el7.x86_64
glibc-devel-2.17-36.el7.i686
glibc-devel-2.17-36.el7.x86_64
ksh
libaio-0.3.109-9.el7.i686
libaio-0.3.109-9.el7.x86_64
libaio-devel-0.3.109-9.el7.i686
libaio-devel-0.3.109-9.el7.x86_64
libgcc-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libgcc-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libstdc++-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libstdc++-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libstdc++-devel-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libstdc++-devel-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libXi-1.7.2-1.el7.i686
libXi-1.7.2-1.el7.x86_64
libXtst-1.2.2-1.el7.i686
libXtst-1.2.2-1.el7.x86_64
make-3.82-19.el7.x86_64
sysstat-10.1.5-1.el7.x86_64
[[email protected] data]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] data]# yum install binutils* gcc* ….（圖方便，就全給它裝了）
5.關閉防火牆 CentOS 7.2預設使用的是firewall作為防火牆
[[email protected] /]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #檢視防火牆狀態，執行中
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-0718:54:29 PDT; 2h 20min ago
Main PID: 802 (firewalld)
CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
└─802 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
Apr 0718:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 0718:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[[email protected] /]# systemctl stop firewalld.service #關閉防火牆
[[email protected] /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #再次檢視防火牆狀態，發現已關閉
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Thu 2016-04-0721:15:34 PDT; 9s ago
Main PID: 802 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Apr 0718:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 0718:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Apr 0721:15:33 localhost systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 0721:15:34 localhost systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[[email protected] /]# systemctl disable firewalld.service #禁止使用防火牆（重啟也是禁止的）
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.Fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.
[[email protected] /]#
防火牆先禁用，搞好之後再配置，個人虛擬機器，要毛線防火牆~~
6.關閉selinux（需重啟生效）
[[email protected] /]# vi /etc/selinux/config
[[email protected] /]# cat /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled #此處修改為disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted
[[email protected] /]#
為啥要關閉selinux？因為selinux太高深，非專業人士搞不懂~~
7.修改核心引數
紅色部分為新增程式碼
[[email protected] /]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] /]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
[[email protected] /]# cat /etc/sysct.conf
cat: /etc/sysct.conf: No such file or directory
[[email protected] /]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf.
# To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #設定最大開啟檔案數
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享記憶體的總量，8G記憶體設定：2097152*4k/1024/1024
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享記憶體的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整個系統共享記憶體端的最大數
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4埠範圍
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576
[[email protected] /]#
使配置引數生效
[[email protected] /]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument
fs.file-max = 6815744 #設定最大開啟檔案數
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享記憶體的總量，8G記憶體設定：2097152*4k/1024/1024
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享記憶體的段大小
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整個系統共享記憶體端的最大數
kernel.sem = 25032000100128
sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 900065500 #可使用的IPv4埠範圍
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
[[email protected] /]#
8.對oracle使用者設定限制，提高軟體執行效能（紅色為新增部分）
[[email protected] /]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] /]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
[[email protected] /]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
# /etc/security/limits.conf
#
#This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM.
#It does not affect resource limits of the system services.
#
#Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.d directory,
#which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this
#fileincase the domain is the same or more specific.
#That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domain here
#can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config filein the
#subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overriden only
#with a user specific setting in the subdirectory.
#
#Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:
#
#<domain> <type> <item> <value>
#
#Where:
#<domain> can be:
# - a user name
# - a group name, with @group syntax
# - the wildcard *, for default entry
# - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax,
# for maxlogin limit
#
#<type> can have the two values:
# - "soft"for enforcing the soft limits
# - "hard"for enforcing hard limits
#
#<item> can be one of the following:
# - core - limits the core file size (KB)
# - data - max data size (KB)
# - fsize - maximum filesize (KB)
# - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB)
# - nofile - max number of open file descriptors
# - rss - max resident set size (KB)
# - stack - max stack size (KB)
# - cpu - max CPU time (MIN)
# - nproc - max number of processes
# - as - address space limit (KB)
# - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user
# - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system
# - priority - the priority to run user process with
# - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold
# - sigpending - max number of pending signals
# - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)
# - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]
# - rtprio - max realtime priority
#
#<domain> <type> <item> <value>
#
#* soft core 0
#* hard rss 10000
#@student hard nproc 20
#@faculty soft nproc 20
#@faculty hard nproc 50
#ftp hard nproc 0
#@student - maxlogins 4
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536
# End of file
[[email protected] /]#
9.配置使用者的環境變數（紅色部分為新增程式碼）
[[email protected] /]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[[email protected] /]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin
export PATH
export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle資料庫安裝目錄
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle資料庫路徑
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle啟動資料庫例項名
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm視窗模式安裝
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #新增系統環境變數
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #新增系統環境變數
export LANG=C #防止安裝過程出現亂碼
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK #設定Oracle客戶端字符集，必須與Oracle安裝時設定的字符集保持一致，如：ZHS16GBK，否則出現數據匯入匯出中文亂碼問題
[[email protected] /]#
使上述配置立即生效：
[[email protected] /]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] /]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[[email protected] /]#
10.上述都搞定了，上傳安裝包，將oracle安裝包上傳到/usr/local/src
11.解壓安裝包
[[email protected] /]$ cd /usr/local/src #進入/usr/local/src目錄
[[email protected] src]$ ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[[email protected] src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/#解壓
(省略...)
[[email protected] src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/#解壓
(省略...)
[[email protected] src]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/
[[email protected] src]#
二、oracle安裝
1.圖形介面登陸oracle使用者：
2.啟動oralce安裝，到/data/database/database/目錄下，執行runInstaller
3.後面步驟與window下相似
可能遇到的問題
1.swap空間不足解決：（要求2.67G實際2G）
[[email protected] oracle]# free -m #檢視當前虛擬記憶體
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 182413699310361250
Swap: 2048202028
[[email protected] oracle]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap bs=1024 count=1024000#將當前swap空間由2048M 增加到 3048M 新增一個2014的swap檔案
1024000+0 records in
1024000+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 29.4051 s, 35.7 MB/s
[[email protected] oracle]# mkswap /home/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=5e3d39d7-285e-4c74-b321-1e2b3ffabf83
[[email protected] oracle]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 182412759510454342
Swap: 20481411907
[[email protected] oracle]# swapon /home/swap #增加並啟用虛擬內容
swapon: /home/swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[[email protected] oracle]# free -m #再次檢視
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 182412759410454342
Swap: 3048141