Python----turtle庫的使用
阿新 • • 發佈:2018-12-30
大部分python安裝環境下都包含turtle這個繪圖模組,它可以讓你使用海龜影象(當然可以設定為箭頭)來繪製圖形,現在,我們來用它來做些小東西。
一、基本的幾何圖形
畫一個正方形:
import turtle
bob = turtle.Turtle()
for i in range(1,5):
bob.fd(100)
bob.lt(90)
turtle.mainloop()
畫一個圓:
import turtle import math def circle(t,r,a): #傳入介面arc,在arc中完成大部分計算 arc(t,r,a) def arc(t,r,a): #計算邊的長度,同時設定邊的個數 length = 2 * math.pi * r * abs(a) / 360 n = int(length / 4) + 3 step_length = length / n step_angle = a / n polygon(t, step_length, n) def polygon(t, length, n): #畫出圖形 for i in range(n): t.fd(length) t.lt(360/n) bob = turtle.Turtle() radius = 50 angle = 360 circle(bob, radius, angle) turtle.mainloop()
畫一條阿基米德螺線:
import turtle def draw_spiral(t, n, length=3, a=0.1, b=0.0002): #Draws an Archimedian spiral starting at the origin theta = 0.0 for i in range(n): t.fd(length) dtheta = 1 / (a + b * theta) t.lt(dtheta) theta += dtheta #create the world and bob bob = turtle.Turtle() draw_spiral(bob, n=1000) turtle.mainloop()
二、通過基本圖形組合畫一些現實中簡單的物體
花朵:
import turtle def draw_diamond(turt): for i in range(1,3): turt.forward(100) turt.right(45) turt.forward(100) turt.right(135) def draw_art(): window = turtle.Screen() #視窗 window.bgcolor("black") #背景顏色 brad = turtle.Turtle() #建立一個“烏龜”物件 brad.shape("turtle") #設定畫筆影象是烏龜 brad.color("red") #設定畫筆顏色是紅色 brad.speed("fast") #畫畫速度是快 for i in range(1, 37): #呼叫diamond函式36次,即畫36個花瓣 draw_diamond(brad) brad.right(10) brad.right(90) #畫出枝幹 brad.forward(1000) window.exitonclick() draw_art()
上面實現的這個花朵是不是有點兒撈???
那我們試一試把前面畫圓的程式碼來實現三個好看的花朵:
import math
import turtle
def polyline(t, n, length, angle):
#Draws n line segments
for i in range(n):
t.fd(length)
t.lt(angle)
def arc(t, r, angle):
#Draws an arc with given radius and angle
arc_length = 2 * math.pi * r * abs(angle) / 360
n = int(arc_length / 4) + 3
step_length = arc_length / n
step_angle = float(angle) / n
t.lt(step_angle/2)
polyline(t, n, step_length, step_angle)
t.rt(step_angle/2)
def petal(t, r, angle):
#Draws a petal using two arcs.
for i in range(2):
arc(t, r, angle)
t.lt(180 - angle)
def flower(t, n, r, angle):
#Draws a flower with n petals
for i in range(n):
petal(t, r, angle)
t.lt(360.0/n)
def move(t, length):
#Move turtle(t) forwoard (length) units without leaving a trail
t.pu()
t.fd(length)
t.pd()
bob = turtle.Turtle()
#draw a sequence of three flowers
move(bob, -100)
flower(bob, 7, 60.0, 60.0)
move(bob, 100)
flower(bob, 10, 40.0, 80.0)
move(bob, 100)
flower(bob, 20, 140.0, 20.0)
bob.hideturtle()
turtle.mainloop()
當然,我們通過那個簡單的花朵是知道其實turtle是可以設定顏色的,那第一種花朵有顏色但是形狀不好看,第二種形狀好看但是顏色單調,那麼讓我們集合二者的優點,做一些“花裡胡哨”的東西。
“花裡胡哨”橡皮球:
import turtle
t = turtle.Pen()
turtle.bgcolor("black")
#sides = eval(str(input("輸入要繪製的邊的數目,請輸入2-6Dev數字! ")))
sides = 6
colors = ["red","yellow","green","blue","orange","purple"]
for x in range(360):
t.pencolor(colors[x%sides]) #隨機顏色
t.speed("fast")
t.forward(x*3/sides+x) #六邊形長度依次增加
t.left(360/sides+1) #轉動角度依次變化
t.width(x*sides/180)
t.left(91)
print ("結束")
三、將上面的簡單現實物體拆分組合為複雜的現實物體
一個簡單的時鐘程式(通過前面的程式碼,顏色可以自己定義反正你的時鐘你做主~ ~,同時本程式用到了python的time模組,不懂得朋友可自行度娘~ ~),ok,程式碼如下:
import turtle
from datetime import *
# 擡起畫筆,向前運動一段距離放下
def Skip(step):
turtle.penup()
turtle.forward(step)
turtle.pendown()
def mkHand(name, length):
# 註冊Turtle形狀,建立錶針Turtle
turtle.reset()
Skip(-length * 0.1)
# 開始記錄多邊形的頂點。當前的烏龜位置是多邊形的第一個頂點。
turtle.begin_poly()
turtle.forward(length * 1.1)
# 停止記錄多邊形的頂點。當前的烏龜位置是多邊形的最後一個頂點。將與第一個頂點相連。
turtle.end_poly()
# 返回最後記錄的多邊形。
handForm = turtle.get_poly()
turtle.register_shape(name, handForm)
def Init():
global secHand, minHand, hurHand, printer
# 重置Turtle指向北
turtle.mode("logo")
# 建立三個錶針Turtle並初始化
mkHand("secHand", 135)
mkHand("minHand", 125)
mkHand("hurHand", 90)
secHand = turtle.Turtle()
secHand.shape("secHand")
minHand = turtle.Turtle()
minHand.shape("minHand")
hurHand = turtle.Turtle()
hurHand.shape("hurHand")
for hand in secHand, minHand, hurHand:
hand.shapesize(1, 1, 3)
hand.speed(0)
# 建立輸出文字Turtle
printer = turtle.Turtle()
# 隱藏畫筆的turtle形狀
printer.hideturtle()
printer.penup()
def SetupClock(radius):
# 建立表的外框
turtle.reset()
turtle.pensize(7)
for i in range(60):
Skip(radius)
if i % 5 == 0:
turtle.forward(20)
Skip(-radius - 20)
Skip(radius + 20)
if i == 0:
turtle.write(int(12), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
elif i == 30:
Skip(25)
turtle.write(int(i/5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
Skip(-25)
elif (i == 25 or i == 35):
Skip(20)
turtle.write(int(i/5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
Skip(-20)
else:
turtle.write(int(i/5), align="center", font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
Skip(-radius - 20)
else:
turtle.dot(5)
Skip(-radius)
turtle.right(6)
def Week(t):
week = ["星期一", "星期二", "星期三",
"星期四", "星期五", "星期六", "星期日"]
return week[t.weekday()]
def Date(t):
y = t.year
m = t.month
d = t.day
return "%s年%d月%d日" % (y, m, d)
def Tick():
# 繪製錶針的動態顯示
t = datetime.today()
second = t.second + t.microsecond * 0.000001
minute = t.minute + second / 60.0
hour = t.hour + minute / 60.0
secHand.setheading(6 * second)
minHand.setheading(6 * minute)
hurHand.setheading(30 * hour)
turtle.tracer(False)
printer.forward(65)
printer.write(Week(t), align="center",
font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
printer.back(130)
printer.write(Date(t), align="center",
font=("Courier", 14, "bold"))
printer.home()
turtle.tracer(True)
# 100ms後繼續呼叫tick
turtle.ontimer(Tick, 100)
def main():
# 開啟/關閉龜動畫,併為更新圖紙設定延遲。
turtle.tracer(False)
Init()
SetupClock(160)
turtle.tracer(True)
Tick()
turtle.mainloop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
四、結語
OK~ ~ ~,這就是我對自己休息turtle庫的一些新的與整理。希望大家通過這幾段程式碼能夠很好的理解python的turtle庫。