利用java8對設計模式的重構
java8中提供的很多新特性可以用來重構傳統設計模式中的寫法,下面是一些示例:
一、策略模式
上圖是策略模式的類圖,假設我們現在要儲存訂單,OrderService介面定義要做什麼,而NoSqlSaveOrderStragegy以及MySqlSaveOrderStrategy則提供了二種策略,分別是儲存到nosql資料庫,以及傳統的mysql關係型資料庫,最後在OrderServiceExecutor中通過建構函式注入最終要使用的策略。
傳統寫法,這個場景至少得4個類,程式碼如下:
OrderService介面:
public interface OrderService { void saveOrder(String orderNo); }
Mysql策略實現:
public class MySqlSaveOrderStrategy implements OrderService { @Override public void saveOrder(String orderNo) { System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to mysql"); } }
Nosql策略實現
public class NoSqlSaveOrderStrategy implements OrderService { @Override public void saveOrder(String orderNo) { System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to nosql"); } }
使用策略的輔助"容器"
public class OrderServiceExecutor { private final OrderService service; public OrderServiceExecutor(OrderService service) { this.service = service; } public void save(String orderNo) { this.service.saveOrder(orderNo); } }
執行測試類:
public class OrderServiceTest { public static void main(String[] args) { OrderServiceExecutor executor1 = new OrderServiceExecutor(new MySqlSaveOrderStrategy()); executor1.save("001"); OrderServiceExecutor executor2 = new OrderServiceExecutor(new NoSqlSaveOrderStrategy()); executor2.save("002"); } }
重構後,可以省去2個策略實現類,程式碼如下:
public static void main(String[] args) { OrderServiceExecutor executor1 = new OrderServiceExecutor((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to mysql")); executor1.save("001"); OrderServiceExecutor executor2 = new OrderServiceExecutor((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("order:" + orderNo + " save to nosql")); executor2.save("002"); }
二、模板方法
類圖如下,核心思路是把一些通用的標準方法,在抽象父類裡僅定義方法簽名,實現邏輯交給子類。比如:會員系統中,每個商家都會有一些營銷活動,需要推送某種資訊給會員,但是不同的商家推送的內容可能不同,有些需要推送優惠券,有些需要積分通知。
抽象模板類:
public abstract class AbstractPushTemplate { public void push(int customerId, String shopName) { System.out.println("準備推送..."); execute(customerId, shopName); System.out.println("推送完成\n"); } abstract protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName); }
優惠券的具體模板
public class PushCouponTemplate extends AbstractPushTemplate { @Override protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName) { System.out.println("會員:" + customerId + ",你好," + shopName + "送您一張優惠券"); } }
積分的具體模板
public class PushScoreTemplate extends AbstractPushTemplate { @Override protected void execute(int customerId, String shopName) { System.out.println("會員:" + customerId + ",你好," + shopName + "送您10個積分"); } }
使用示例:
AbstractPushTemplate template1 = new PushCouponTemplate(); template1.push(1, "糖果店"); AbstractPushTemplate template2 = new PushScoreTemplate(); template2.push(1, "服裝店");
顯然如果模板的實現方式越多,子類就越多。使用java8重構後,可以把上面的3個模板(包括抽象類模板)減少到1個,參考下面:
public class PushTemplateLambda { public void push(int customerId, String shopName, Consumer<Object[]> execute) { System.out.println("準備推送..."); Object[] param = new Object[]{customerId, shopName}; execute.accept(param); System.out.println("推送完成\n"); } }
藉助Consumer<T>這個function interface,可以省去實現子類,具體的實現留到使用時再來決定,如:
new PushTemplateLambda().push(1, "糖果店", (Object[] obj) -> { System.out.println("會員:" + obj[0] + ",你好," + obj[1] + "送您一張優惠券"); }); new PushTemplateLambda().push(1, "服裝店", (Object[] obj) -> { System.out.println("會員:" + obj[0] + ",你好," + obj[1] + "送您10個積分"); });
三、觀察者模式
思路:基於某個Subject主題,然後一堆觀察者Observer註冊到主題上,有事件發生時,subject根據註冊列表,去通知所有的observer。
Observer介面:
public interface Observer { void notify(String orderNo); }
Subject介面:
public interface Subject { void registerObserver(Observer o); void notifyAllObserver(String orderNo); }
Subject介面實現:
public class SubjectImpl implements Subject { private final List<Observer> list = new ArrayList<>(); @Override public void registerObserver(Observer o) { list.add(o); } @Override public void notifyAllObserver(String orderNo) { list.forEach(c -> c.notify(orderNo)); } }
觀察者的二個實現:
OrderObserver:
public class OrderObserver implements Observer { @Override public void notify(String orderNo) { System.out.println("訂單 " + orderNo + " 狀態更新為【已支付】"); } }
StockObserver:
public class StockObserver implements Observer { @Override public void notify(String orderNo) { System.out.println("訂單 " + orderNo + " 已通知庫房發貨!"); } }
測試一把:
static void test1() { Subject subject = new SubjectImpl(); subject.registerObserver(new OrderObserver()); subject.registerObserver(new StockObserver()); subject.notifyAllObserver("001"); }
用java8重構後,介面可以提供預設實現方法,我們弄一個新的主題介面
public interface NewSubject { List<Observer> list = new ArrayList<>(); default void registerObserver(Observer o) { list.add(o); } default void nofityAllObserver(String orderNo) { list.forEach(c -> c.notify(orderNo)); } }
使用:
static void test2() { NewSubject subject = new NewSubject() { }; subject.registerObserver((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("訂單 " + orderNo + " 狀態更新為【已支付】")); subject.registerObserver((String orderNo) -> System.out.println("訂單 " + orderNo + " 已通知庫房發貨!")); subject.nofityAllObserver("002"); }
只用2個介面實現了觀察者模式。
四、責任鏈/職責鏈模式
核心思想:每個處理環節,都有一個“指標”指向下一個處理者,類似連結串列一樣。
Processor介面:
public interface Processor { Processor getNextProcessor(); void process(String param); }
抽象實現類
public abstract class AbstractProcessor implements Processor { private Processor next; public AbstractProcessor(Processor processor) { this.next = processor; } @Override public Processor getNextProcessor() { return next; } @Override public abstract void process(String param); }
定義2個具體的實現
public class ProcessorImpl1 extends AbstractProcessor { public ProcessorImpl1(Processor processor) { super(processor); } @Override public void process(String param) { System.out.println("processor 1 is processing:" + param); if (getNextProcessor() != null) { getNextProcessor().process(param); } } }
及
public class ProcessorImpl2 extends AbstractProcessor { public ProcessorImpl2(Processor next) { super(next); } @Override public void process(String param) { System.out.println("processor 2 is processing:" + param); if (getNextProcessor() != null) { getNextProcessor().process(param); } } }
使用示例:
static void test1() { Processor p1 = new ProcessorImpl1(null); Processor p2 = new ProcessorImpl2(p1); p2.process("something happened"); }
用java8重構後,只需要一個新介面
@FunctionalInterface public interface NewProcessor { Consumer<String> process(String param); }
同樣的效果,可以寫得很簡潔:
static void test2() { Consumer<String> p1 = param -> System.out.println("processor 1 is processing:" + param); Consumer<String> p2 = param -> System.out.println("processor 2 is processing:" + param); p2.andThen(p1).accept("something happened"); }
andThen天然就是getNextProcessor的另一種表達。
重要提示:什麼時候該用lambda,什麼時候不用,這是要看情況的,如果處理邏輯相對比較簡單,可以用lamdba來重構,以便讓程式碼更簡潔易讀,如果處理邏輯很複雜,應該還是用“類”。