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python day2 python基礎

本節內容

  1. 列表、元組操作
  2. 字串操作
  3. 字典操作
  4. 集合操作
  5. 檔案操作
  6. 字元編碼與轉碼 

1. 列表、元組操作

列表是我們最以後最常用的資料型別之一,通過列表可以對資料實現最方便的儲存、修改等操作

定義列表

1 names = ['Alex',"Tenglan",'Eric']

通過下標訪問列表中的元素,下標從0開始計數

1 >>> names[0]
2 'Alex'
3 >>> names[2]
4 'Eric'
5 >>> names[-1]
6 'Eric'
7 >>> names[-2] #
還可以倒著取 8 'Tenglan'

切片:取多個元素

 1 >>> names = ["Alex","Tenglan","Eric","Rain","Tom","Amy"]
 2 >>> names[1:4]  #取下標1至下標4之間的數字,包括1,不包括4
 3 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain']
 4 >>> names[1:-1] #取下標1至-1的值,不包括-1
 5 ['Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom']
 6 >>> names[0:3] 
 7 ['
Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric'] 8 >>> names[:3] #如果是從頭開始取,0可以忽略,跟上句效果一樣 9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric'] 10 >>> names[3:] #如果想取最後一個,必須不能寫-1,只能這麼寫 11 ['Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy'] 12 >>> names[3:-1] #這樣-1就不會被包含了 13 ['Rain', 'Tom'] 14 >>> names[0::2] #後面的2是代表,每隔一個元素,就取一個 15 ['Alex'
, 'Eric', 'Tom'] 16 >>> names[::2] #和上句效果一樣 17 ['Alex', 'Eric', 'Tom']

追加

1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
3 >>> names.append("我是新來的")
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']

插入

1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
3 >>> names.insert(2,"強行從Eric前面插入")
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '強行從Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
6 
7 >>> names.insert(5,"從eric後面插入試試新姿勢")
8 >>> names
9 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '強行從Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '從eric後面插入試試新姿勢', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']

修改

1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '強行從Eric前面插入', 'Eric', 'Rain', '從eric後面插入試試新姿勢', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
3 >>> names[2] = "該換人了"
4 >>> names
5 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', '該換人了', 'Eric', 'Rain', '從eric後面插入試試新姿勢', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']

刪除

 1 >>> del names[2] 
 2 >>> names
 3 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', '從eric後面插入試試新姿勢', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
 4 >>> del names[4]
 5 >>> names
 6 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Eric', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
 7 >>> 
 8 >>> names.remove("Eric") #刪除指定元素
 9 >>> names
10 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', '我是新來的']
11 >>> names.pop() #刪除列表最後一個值 
12 '我是新來的'
13 >>> names
14 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']

擴充套件

>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy']
>>> b = [1,2,3]
>>> names.extend(b)
>>> names
['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Rain', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]

拷貝

1 >>> names
2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
3 >>> names.count("Amy")
4 2

排序&翻轉

 1 >>> names
 2 ['Alex', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Tom', 'Amy', 1, 2, 3]
 3 >>> names.sort() #排序
 4 Traceback (most recent call last):
 5   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 6 TypeError: unorderable types: int() < str()   #3.0裡不同資料型別不能放在一起排序了,擦
 7 >>> names[-3] = '1'
 8 >>> names[-2] = '2'
 9 >>> names[-1] = '3'
10 >>> names
11 ['Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom', '1', '2', '3']
12 >>> names.sort()
13 >>> names
14 ['1', '2', '3', 'Alex', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Tenglan', 'Tom']
15 
16 >>> names.reverse() #反轉
17 >>> names
18 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']

獲取下標

1 >>> names
2 ['Tom', 'Tenglan', 'Amy', 'Amy', 'Alex', '3', '2', '1']
3 >>> names.index("Amy")
4 2 #只返回找到的第一個下標

元組

元組其實跟列表差不多,也是存一組數,只不是它一旦建立,便不能再修改,所以又叫只讀列表

語法

1 names = ("alex","jack","eric")

它只有2個方法,一個是count,一個是index,完畢。  

程式練習 

請閉眼寫出以下程式。

程式:購物車程式

需求:

  1. 啟動程式後,讓使用者輸入工資,然後列印商品列表
  2. 允許使用者根據商品編號購買商品
  3. 使用者選擇商品後,檢測餘額是否夠,夠就直接扣款,不夠就提醒 
  4. 可隨時退出,退出時,列印已購買商品和餘額

2. 字串操作 

特性:不可修改 

 1 name.capitalize()  首字母大寫
 2 name.casefold()   大寫全部變小寫
 3 name.center(50,"-")  輸出 '---------------------Alex Li----------------------'
 4 name.count('lex') 統計 lex出現次數
 5 name.encode()  將字串編碼成bytes格式
 6 name.endswith("Li")  判斷字串是否以 Li結尾
 7  "Alex\tLi".expandtabs(10) 輸出'Alex      Li', 將\t轉換成多長的空格 
 8  name.find('A')  查詢A,找到返回其索引, 找不到返回-1 
 9 
10 format :
11     >>> msg = "my name is {}, and age is {}"
12     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
13     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
14     >>> msg = "my name is {1}, and age is {0}"
15     >>> msg.format("alex",22)
16     'my name is 22, and age is alex'
17     >>> msg = "my name is {name}, and age is {age}"
18     >>> msg.format(age=22,name="ale")
19     'my name is ale, and age is 22'
20 format_map
21     >>> msg.format_map({'name':'alex','age':22})
22     'my name is alex, and age is 22'
23 
24 
25 msg.index('a')  返回a所在字串的索引
26 '9aA'.isalnum()   True
27 
28 '9'.isdigit() 是否整數
29 name.isnumeric  
30 name.isprintable
31 name.isspace
32 name.istitle
33 name.isupper
34  "|".join(['alex','jack','rain'])
35 'alex|jack|rain'
36 
37 
38 maketrans
39     >>> intab = "aeiou"  #This is the string having actual characters. 
40     >>> outtab = "12345" #This is the string having corresponding mapping character
41     >>> trantab = str.maketrans(intab, outtab)
42     >>> 
43     >>> str = "this is string example....wow!!!"
44     >>> str.translate(trantab)
45     'th3s 3s str3ng 2x1mpl2....w4w!!!'
46 
47  msg.partition('is')   輸出 ('my name ', 'is', ' {name}, and age is {age}') 
48 
49  >>> "alex li, chinese name is lijie".replace("li","LI",1)
50      'alex LI, chinese name is lijie'
51 
52  msg.swapcase 大小寫互換
53 
54 
55  >>> msg.zfill(40)
56 '00000my name is {name}, and age is {age}'
57 
58 
59 
60 >>> n4.ljust(40,"-")
61 'Hello 2orld-----------------------------'
62 >>> n4.rjust(40,"-")
63 '-----------------------------Hello 2orld'
64 
65 
66 >>> b="ddefdsdff_哈哈" 
67 >>> b.isidentifier() #檢測一段字串可否被當作標誌符,即是否符合變數命名規則
68 True

3. 字典操作

字典一種key - value 的資料型別,使用就像我們上學用的字典,通過筆劃、字母來查對應頁的詳細內容。

語法:

info = {
    'stu1101': "TengLan Wu",
    'stu1102': "LongZe Luola",
    'stu1103': "XiaoZe Maliya",
}

字典的特性:

  • dict是無序的
  • key必須是唯一的,so 天生去重

增加

 

>>> info["stu1104"] = "蒼井空"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1104': '蒼井空', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': 'TengLan Wu'}

 

修改

 

>>> info['stu1101'] = "武藤蘭"
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤蘭'}

 

刪除

 

>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1101': '武藤蘭'}
>>> info.pop("stu1101") #標準刪除姿勢
'武藤蘭'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> del info['stu1103'] #換個姿勢刪除
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola'}
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'} #隨機刪除
>>> info.popitem()
('stu1102', 'LongZe Luola')
>>> info
{'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}

 

查詢

 

>>> info = {'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya'}
>>> 
>>> "stu1102" in info #標準用法
True
>>> info.get("stu1102")  #獲取
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1102"] #同上,但是看下面
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info["stu1105"]  #如果一個key不存在,就報錯,get不會,不存在只返回None
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'stu1105'

 

多級字典巢狀及操作

 

av_catalog = {
    "歐美":{
        "www.youporn.com": ["很多免費的,世界最大的","質量一般"],
        "www.pornhub.com": ["很多免費的,也很大","質量比yourporn高點"],
        "letmedothistoyou.com": ["多是自拍,高質量圖片很多","資源不多,更新慢"],
        "x-art.com":["質量很高,真的很高","全部收費,屌比請繞過"]
    },
    "日韓":{
        "tokyo-hot":["質量怎樣不清楚,個人已經不喜歡日韓範了","聽說是收費的"]
    },
    "大陸":{
        "1024":["全部免費,真好,好人一生平安","伺服器在國外,慢"]
    }
}

av_catalog["大陸"]["1024"][1] += ",可以用爬蟲爬下來"
print(av_catalog["大陸"]["1024"])
#ouput 
['全部免費,真好,好人一生平安', '伺服器在國外,慢,可以用爬蟲爬下來']

 

其它姿勢

 

#values
>>> info.values()
dict_values(['LongZe Luola', 'XiaoZe Maliya'])

#keys
>>> info.keys()
dict_keys(['stu1102', 'stu1103'])


#setdefault
>>> info.setdefault("stu1106","Alex")
'Alex'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> info.setdefault("stu1102","龍澤蘿拉")
'LongZe Luola'
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}


#update 
>>> info
{'stu1102': 'LongZe Luola', 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}
>>> b = {1:2,3:4, "stu1102":"龍澤蘿拉"}
>>> info.update(b)
>>> info
{'stu1102': '龍澤蘿拉', 1: 2, 3: 4, 'stu1103': 'XiaoZe Maliya', 'stu1106': 'Alex'}

#items
info.items()
dict_items([('stu1102', '龍澤蘿拉'), (1, 2), (3, 4), ('stu1103', 'XiaoZe Maliya'), ('stu1106', 'Alex')])


#通過一個列表生成預設dict,有個沒辦法解釋的坑,少用吧這個
>>> dict.fromkeys([1,2,3],'testd')
{1: 'testd', 2: 'testd', 3: 'testd'}

 

迴圈dict 

 

#方法1
for key in info:
    print(key,info[key])

#方法2
for k,v in info.items(): #會先把dict轉成list,資料裡大時莫用
    print(k,v)

 

程式練習

程式: 三級選單

要求: 

  1. 列印省、市、縣三級選單
  2. 可返回上一級
  3. 可隨時退出程式

 

menu = {
    '北京':{
        '海淀':{
            '五道口':{
                'soho':{},
                '網易':{},
                'google':{}
            },
            '中關村':{
                '愛奇藝':{},
                '汽車之家':{},
                'youku':{},
            },
            '上地':{
                '百度':{},
            },
        },
        '昌平':{
            '沙河':{
                '老男孩':{},
                '北航':{},
            },
            '天通苑':{},
            '回龍觀':{},
        },
        '朝陽':{},
        '東城':{},
    },
    '上海':{
        '閔行':{
            "人民廣場":{
                '炸雞店':{}
            }
        },
        '閘北':{
            '火車戰':{
                '攜程':{}
            }
        },
        '浦東':{},
    },
    '山東':{},
}


exit_flag = False
current_layer = menu

layers = [menu]

while not  exit_flag:
    for k in current_layer:
        print(k)
    choice = input(">>:").strip()
    if choice == "b":
        current_layer = layers[-1]
        #print("change to laster", current_layer)
        layers.pop()
    elif choice not  in current_layer:continue
    else:
        layers.append(current_layer)
        current_layer = current_layer[choice]

4.集合操作

 

集合是一個無序的,不重複的資料組合,它的主要作用如下:

 

  • 去重,把一個列表變成集合,就自動去重了
  • 關係測試,測試兩組資料之前的交集、差集、並集等關係

常用操作

s = set([3,5,9,10])      #建立一個數值集合  
  
t = set("Hello")         #建立一個唯一字元的集合  


a = t | s          # t 和 s的並集  
  
b = t & s          # t 和 s的交集  
  
c = t – s          # 求差集(項在t中,但不在s中)  
  
d = t ^ s          # 對稱差集(項在t或s中,但不會同時出現在二者中)  
  
   
  
基本操作:  
  
t.add('x')            # 新增一項  
  
s.update([10,37,42])  # 在s中新增多項  
  
   
  
使用remove()可以刪除一項:  
  
t.remove('H')  
  
  
len(s)  
set 的長度  
  
x in s  
測試 x 是否是 s 的成員  
  
x not in s  
測試 x 是否不是 s 的成員  
  
s.issubset(t)  
s <= t  
測試是否 s 中的每一個元素都在 t 中  
  
s.issuperset(t)  
s >= t  
測試是否 t 中的每一個元素都在 s 中  
  
s.union(t)  
s | t  
返回一個新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的每一個元素  
  
s.intersection(t)  
s & t  
返回一個新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中的公共元素  
  
s.difference(t)  
s - t  
返回一個新的 set 包含 s 中有但是 t 中沒有的元素  
  
s.symmetric_difference(t)  
s ^ t  
返回一個新的 set 包含 s 和 t 中不重複的元素  
  
s.copy()  
返回 set “s”的一個淺複製  

5. 檔案操作

對檔案操作流程

  1. 開啟檔案,得到檔案控制代碼並賦值給一個變數
  2. 通過控制代碼對檔案進行操作
  3. 關閉檔案 

現有檔案如下 

 1 Somehow, it seems the love I knew was always the most destructive kind
 2 不知為何,我經歷的愛情總是最具毀滅性的的那種
 3 Yesterday when I was young
 4 昨日當我年少輕狂
 5 The taste of life was sweet
 6 生命的滋味是甜的
 7 As rain upon my tongue
 8 就如舌尖上的雨露
 9 I teased at life as if it were a foolish game
10 我戲弄生命 視其為愚蠢的遊戲
11 The way the evening breeze
12 就如夜晚的微風
13 May tease the candle flame
14 逗弄蠟燭的火苗
15 The thousand dreams I dreamed
16 我曾千萬次夢見
17 The splendid things I planned
18 那些我計劃的絢麗藍圖
19 I always built to last on weak and shifting sand
20 但我總是將之建築在易逝的流沙上
21 I lived by night and shunned the naked light of day
22 我夜夜笙歌 逃避白晝赤裸的陽光
23 And only now I see how the time ran away
24 事到如今我才看清歲月是如何匆匆流逝
25 Yesterday when I was young
26 昨日當我年少輕狂
27 So many lovely songs were waiting to be sung
28 有那麼多甜美的曲兒等我歌唱
29 So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
30 有那麼多肆意的快樂等我享受
31 And so much pain my eyes refused to see
32 還有那麼多痛苦 我的雙眼卻視而不見
33 I ran so fast that time and youth at last ran out
34 我飛快地奔走 最終時光與青春消逝殆盡
35 I never stopped to think what life was all about
36 我從未停下腳步去思考生命的意義
37 And every conversation that I can now recall
38 如今回想起的所有對話
39 Concerned itself with me and nothing else at all
40 除了和我相關的 什麼都記不得了
41 The game of love I played with arrogance and pride
42 我用自負和傲慢玩著愛情的遊戲
43 And every flame I lit too quickly, quickly died
44 所有我點燃的火焰都熄滅得太快
45 The friends I made all somehow seemed to slip away
46 所有我交的朋友似乎都不知不覺地離開了
47 And only now I'm left alone to end the play, yeah
48 只剩我一個人在臺上來結束這場鬧劇
49 Oh, yesterday when I was young
50 噢 昨日當我年少輕狂
51 So many, many songs were waiting to be sung
52 有那麼那麼多甜美的曲兒等我歌唱
53 So many wild pleasures lay in store for me
54 有那麼多肆意的快樂等我享受
55 And so much pain my eyes refused to see
56 還有那麼多痛苦 我的雙眼卻視而不見
57 There are so many songs in me that won't be sung
58 我有太多歌曲永遠不會被唱起
59 I feel the bitter taste of tears upon my tongue
60 我嚐到了舌尖淚水的苦澀滋味
61 The time has come for me to pay for yesterday
62 終於到了付出代價的時間 為了昨日
63 When I was young
64 當我年少輕狂

基本操作 

1 f = open('lyrics') #開啟檔案
2 first_line = f.readline()
3 print('first line:',first_line) #讀一行
4 print('我是分隔線'.center(50,'-'))
5 data = f.read()# 讀取剩下的所有內容,檔案大時不要用
6 print(data) #列印檔案
7  
8 f.close() #關閉檔案

開啟檔案的模式有:

  • r,只讀模式(預設)。
  • w,只寫模式。【不可讀;不存在則建立;存在則刪除內容;】
  • a,追加模式。【可讀;   不存在則建立;存在則只追加內容;】

"+" 表示可以同時讀寫某個檔案

  • r+,可讀寫檔案。【可讀;可寫;可追加】
  • w+,寫讀
  • a+,同a

"U"表示在讀取時,可以將 \r \n \r\n自動轉換成 \n (與 r 或 r+ 模式同使用)

  • rU
  • r+U

"b"表示處理二進位制檔案(如:FTP傳送上傳ISO映象檔案,linux可忽略,windows處理二進位制檔案時需標註)

  • rb
  • wb
  • ab

其它語法

 1  def close(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
 2         """
 3         Close the file.
 4         
 5         A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations.  close() may be
 6         called more than once without error.
 7         """
 8         pass
 9 
10     def fileno(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
11         """ Return the underlying file descriptor (an integer). """
12         pass
13 
14     def isatty(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
15         """ True if the file is connected to a TTY device. """
16         pass
17 
18     def read(self, size=-1): # known case of _io.FileIO.read
19         """
20         注意,不一定能全讀回來
21         Read at most size bytes, returned as bytes.
22         
23         Only makes one system call, so less data may be returned than requested.
24         In non-blocking mode, returns None if no data is available.
25         Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
26         """
27         return ""
28 
29     def readable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
30         """ True if file was opened in a read mode. """
31         pass
32 
33     def readall(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
34         """
35         Read all data from the file, returned as bytes.
36         
37         In non-blocking mode, returns as much as is immediately available,
38         or None if no data is available.  Return an empty bytes object at EOF.
39         """
40         pass
41 
42     def readinto(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
43         """ Same as RawIOBase.readinto(). """
44         pass #不要用,沒人知道它是幹嘛用的
45 
46     def seek(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
47         """
48         Move to new file position and return the file position.
49         
50         Argument offset is a byte count.  Optional argument whence defaults to
51         SEEK_SET or 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values
52         are SEEK_CUR or 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative),
53         and SEEK_END or 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although
54         many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file).
55         
56         Note that not all file objects are seekable.
57         """
58         pass
59 
60     def seekable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
61         """ True if file supports random-access. """
62         pass
63 
64     def tell(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
65         """
66         Current file position.
67         
68         Can raise OSError for non seekable files.
69         """
70         pass
71 
72     def truncate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
73         """
74         Truncate the file to at most size bytes and return the truncated size.
75         
76         Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().
77         The current file position is changed to the value of size.
78         """
79         pass
80 
81     def writable(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
82         """ True if file was opened in a write mode. """
83         pass
84 
85     def write(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
86         """
87         Write bytes b to file, return number written.
88         
89         Only makes one system call, so not all of the data may be written.
90         The number of bytes actually written is returned.  In non-blocking mode,
91         returns None if the write would block.
92         """
93         pass

with語句

為了避免開啟檔案後忘記關閉,可以通過管理上下文,即:

with open('log','r') as f:
     
    ...

如此方式,當with程式碼塊執行完畢時,內部會自動關閉並釋放檔案資源。

在Python 2.7 後,with又支援同時對多個檔案的上下文進行管理,即:

with open('log1') as obj1, open('log2') as obj2:
    pass

程式練習  

程式1: 實現簡單的shell sed替換功能

程式2:修改haproxy配置檔案 

需求:

1、查
    輸入:www.oldboy.org
    獲取當前backend下的所有記錄

2、新建
    輸入:
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }

3、刪除
    輸入:
        arg = {
            'bakend': 'www.oldboy.org',
            'record':{
                'server': '100.1.7.9',
                'weight': 20,
                'maxconn': 30
            }
        }
global       
        log 127.0.0.1 local2
        daemon
        maxconn 256
        log 127.0.0.1 local2 info
defaults
        log global
        mode http
        timeout connect 5000ms
        timeout client 50000ms
        timeout server 50000ms
        option  dontlognull

listen stats :8888
        stats enable
        stats uri       /admin
        stats auth      admin:1234

frontend oldboy.org
        bind 0.0.0.0:80
        option httplog
        option httpclose
        option  forwardfor
        log global
        acl www hdr_reg(host) -i www.oldboy.org
        use_backend www.oldboy.org if www

backend www.oldboy.org
        server 100.1.7.9 100.1.7.9 weight 20 maxconn 3000
原配置檔案

6. 字元編碼與轉碼

詳細文章:

http://www.cnblogs.com/yuanchenqi/articles/5956943.html

http://www.diveintopython3.net/strings.html

需知:

1.在python2預設編碼是ASCII, python3裡預設是unicode

2.unicode 分為 utf-32(佔4個位元組),utf-16(佔兩個位元組),utf-8(佔1-4個位元組), so utf-16就是現在最常用的unicode版本, 不過在檔案裡存的還是utf-8,因為utf8省空間

3.在py3中encode,在轉碼的同時還會把string 變成bytes型別,decode在解碼的同時還會把bytes變回string

 

 上圖僅適用於py2

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我愛北京天安門"
msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_gbk = msg_gb2312.decode("gbk").encode("gbk")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_gbk)
#-*-coding:gb2312 -*-   #這個也可以去掉
__author__ = 'Alex Li'

import sys
print(sys.getdefaultencoding())


msg = "我愛北京天安門"
#msg_gb2312 = msg.decode("utf-8").encode("gb2312")
msg_gb2312 = msg.encode("gb2312") #預設就是unicode,不用再decode,喜大普奔
gb2312_to_unicode = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312")
gb2312_to_utf8 = msg_gb2312.decode("gb2312").encode("utf-8")

print(msg)
print(msg_gb2312)
print(gb2312_to_unicode)
print(gb2312_to_utf8)

7.  內建函式