(kubernetes)k8s入門、單機版安裝、kuberctl指令、k8s服務例項。
阿新 • • 發佈:2019-01-07
k8s中文文件
- k8s概念比較多,有什麼概念的疑惑的推薦看k8s中文文件。
me的環境
- 作業系統:centos7
- docker:1.12.6
環境跟me的不一致?不要慌,基本大部分操作都是行的通的。
還慌?那就直接用網頁線上版的kubernets吧
kubernets單機版安裝部署
kubernetes部署算是有一定門檻的。為了不從入門到放棄,推薦一開始安裝單機版作為入門熟悉kubectl指令、瞭解工作原理。
安裝流程,切換成root
1.關閉centos自帶的防火牆 # systemctl disable firewalld # systemctl stop firewalld
修改兩處配置
- Docker配置檔案/etc/sysconfig/docker, OPTIONS=’–selinux-enabled=false –insecure-registry gcr.io’
- Kubernetes apiservce配置檔案/etc/kubernetes/apiserver,把–admission_control引數鐘的ServiceAccount刪除
啟動所有服務
# systemctl start etcd
# systemctl start docker
# systemctl start kube-apiserver
# systemctl start kube-controller-manager
# systemctl start kube-scheduler
# systemctl start kubelet
# systemctl start kube-proxy
初入門小例項
部署nginx服務
$ kubectl run my-nginx --image=nginx --port=80 $ kubectl get pod # 檢視pod
發現pod狀態無論多久都是處於pending。READY欄位一直是0/1,服務部署失敗的原因是”中國牆“的問題導致無法下載pod啟動時需要的谷歌映象,所以我們得間接的建立所需的映象。
補充: Pending狀態表示API Server已經建立Pod,但Pod內還有一個或者多個容器沒有建立,或者正在下載映象的過程。詳細的參考
Pod宣告週期和重啟策略
建立gcr.io/google_containers/pause-amd64:3.0映象
$ docker pull googlecontainer/pause-amd64:3.0 $ docker tag googlecontainer/pause-amd64:3.0 gcr.io/google_containers/pause-amd64:3.0
kubernets指令
- 例項流程
# 檢視版本
$ kubectl version
Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"5", GitVersion:"v1.5.2", GitCommit:"269f928217957e7126dc87e6adfa82242bfe5b1e", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2017-07-03T15:31:10Z", GoVersion:"go1.7.4", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"5", GitVersion:"v1.5.2", GitCommit:"269f928217957e7126dc87e6adfa82242bfe5b1e", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2017-07-03T15:31:10Z", GoVersion:"go1.7.4", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
# 顯示叢集資訊
$ kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at http://localhost:8080
To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.
# 檢視叢集中有幾個Node
$ kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS AGE
127.0.0.1 Ready 18h
# 執行一個映象
$ kubectl run my-nginx --image=nginx --replicas=2 --port=80
deployment "my-nginx" created
# 檢視pod
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-379829228-cwlbb 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 20s
my-nginx-379829228-czk6w 1/1 Running 0 20s
# 檢視服務詳情資訊
$ kubectl describe pod my-nginx-379829228-cwlbb
# 檢視已部署
$ kubectl get deployments
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
my-nginx 2 2 2 2 3m
# 刪除pod
$ kubectl delete pod my-nginx-379829228-cwlbb
pod "my-nginx-379829228-cwlbb" deleted
# 再次檢視pod,發現由於replicas機制,pod又生成一個新的
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-379829228-czk6w 1/1 Running 0 11m
my-nginx-379829228-gjd7d 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 5s
# 刪除部署的my-nginx服務。徹底刪除pod
$ kubectl delete deployment my-nginx
deployment "my-nginx" deleted
對比docker命令
k8s的學習路線基本都是從docker[容器]到k8s的,因此兩個對比理解有助於記憶
# docker run
$ docker run -d -e DOMAIN=cluster --name my-nginx -p 80:80 nginx
$ kubectl run my-nginx --image=nginx --port=80 --env="DOMAIN=cluster"
# docker ps
$ docker ps
$ kubectl get pods
# docker exec
$ docker exec [容器id] ls
$ kubectl exec [pod_id] ls
# docker exec 互動式
$ docker exec -it [容器id] /bin/sh
$ kubectl exec -it [pod_id] -- /bin/sh
# docker info
$ docker info
$ kubectl cluster-info
重要名詞
名詞 | 翻譯 |
---|---|
Namespace | 名稱空間 |
Endpoint | 服務端點 |
Controller Manager | 管理控制中心 |
Replication | 副本控制器 |
yaml檔案管理服務
用yaml檔案來建立服務
# vi nginx.yaml piVersion: extensions/v1beta1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: my-nginx spec: replicas: 3 template: metadata: labels: app: nginx spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx:1.7.9 ports: - containerPort: 80
啟動管理服務
# 根據yaml檔案建立服務 $ kubectl create -f nginx.yaml deployment "my-nginx" created # 檢視deployment $ kubectl get deployments NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE my-nginx 3 3 3 3 6s # 檢視Pod $ kubectl get pod NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE my-nginx-4087004473-dtrjp 1/1 Running 0 7s my-nginx-4087004473-jz80p 1/1 Running 0 7s my-nginx-4087004473-wh576 1/1 Running 0 7s # 根據yaml檔案刪除服務 $ kubectl delete -f nginx.yaml deployment "my-nginx" deleted $ kubectl get pod No resources found. $ kubectl get deployment No resources found.
Service
到此,我們部署一個nginx服務
$ kubectl run my-nginx --image=nginx --port=80 # 建立一個service 且將其暴露到叢集外可供訪問 $ kubectl expose deployment/my-nginx --type="NodePort" --port 80 service "my-nginx" exposed # 此時service列表多個my-nginx服務 $ kubectl get services NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kubernetes 10.254.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 7d my-nginx 10.254.255.103 <nodes> 80:32589/TCP 7s
宿主主機內訪問該服務
同網段的機器訪問該服務
deployments
# 執行nginx映象
$ kubectl run my-nginx --image=nginx --port=80
# 互動式 shell 的方式執行 pod
$ kubectl run -i --tty my-nginx --image=nginx --port=80 -- sh
# 連結到執行中的容器
$ kubectl attach my-nginx-532658988-10kxd -i
# 檢視deployment
$ kubectl get deployments
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
my-nginx 1 1 1 1 25m
# 擴充套件10個副本
$ kubectl scale deployment my-nginx --replicas=10
deployment "my-nginx" scaled
$ kubectl scale deployment/my-nginx --replicas=10 # 作用效果等同上一條命令
deployment "my-nginx" scaled
# 再次顯示deployment
$ kubectl get deployments
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
my-nginx 10 10 10 1 26m
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-379829228-38hkg 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-7j15l 1/1 Running 0 31m
my-nginx-379829228-c8mt3 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-f6mm8 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-q1rj0 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-qg7lf 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-rjfbq 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-v581r 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-wh49w 1/1 Running 0 5m
my-nginx-379829228-wpn98 1/1 Running 0 5m
# 縮擴到1個副本
$ kubectl scale deployment/my-nginx --replicas=1
deployment "my-nginx" scaled
$ kubectl scale deployment my-nginx --replicas=1 # 作用效果等同上一條命令
deployment的更新回滾
$ kubectl create -f nginx.yaml
$ kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-4087004473-4xj74 1/1 Running 0 3m
my-nginx-4087004473-jkptq 1/1 Running 0 3m
my-nginx-4087004473-m55s1 1/1 Running 0 3m
$ kubectl get deployment
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
my-nginx 3 3 3 3 4m
# 更新應用的映象從1.7.9版本——>1.9.1
$ kubectl set image deployment/my-nginx nginx=nginx:1.9.1
deployment "my-nginx" image updated
# 確認是否更新成功
$ kubectl rollout status deployment/my-nginx
deployment "my-nginx" successfully rolled out
# 回滾到上一代版本
$ kubectl rollout undo deployment/my-nginx
deployment "my-nginx" rolled back
ConfigMap-容器應用的配置管理
應用部署的一個最佳實踐是將應用所需配置資訊和程式進行分離,一則程式可以更好的複用,二則能靈活的更改配置從而實現其他功能。
使用configMap替代環境變數
以yaml檔案方式建立ConfigMap
# vi special-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: special-config
namespace: default
data:
special.how: very
special.type: charm
# vi env-config.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: env-config
namespace: default
data:
log_level: INFO
可以在Pod中這樣使用ConfigMap
# vi configMap.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: dapi-test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx
command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "env" ]
env:
- name: SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY #定義環境變數名稱
valueFrom: #key"special.how"對應的值
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config #環境變數的值
key: special.how
- name: SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.type
restartPolicy: Never
啟動等一系列操作
$ kubectl create -f special-config.yaml
configmap "special-config" created
$ kubectl create -f env-config.yaml
configmap "env-config" created
# 檢視ConfigMap
$ kubectl get configmaps
NAME DATA AGE
env-config 1 38m
special-config 2 39m
# 讓我們看一下建立的ConfigMap
$ kubectl describe configmap env-config
Name: env-config
Namespace: default
Labels: <none>
Annotations: <none>
Data
====
log_level: 4 bytes
# 檢視ConfigMap鍵的值
$ kubectl get configmaps env-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
log_level: INFO
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: 2017-11-30T07:29:49Z
name: env-config
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "285268"
selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/configmaps/env-config
uid: 3f473adf-d5a0-11e7-9830-0800275ae9e7
$ kubectl create -f configMap.yaml
pod "dapi-test-pod" created
# 檢視pod,狀態ContainerCreating
$ kubectl get pod
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
dapi-test-pod 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 3s
# 隔一段時間再檢視pod,發現並沒有返回什麼
$ kubectl get pod
# 顯示所有的許可權檢視pod
$ kubectl get pod --show-all
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
dapi-test-pod 0/1 Completed 0 1m
# 檢視詳情
$ kubectl describe pod dapi-test-pod
Name: dapi-test-pod
Namespace: default
Node: 127.0.0.1/127.0.0.1
Start Time: Thu, 30 Nov 2017 15:32:00 +0800
Labels: <none>
Status: Succeeded
IP:
Controllers: <none>
Containers:
test-container:
Container ID: docker://1ba533f43ee60c02e03dafb7bcb8495fc12264aaab229872df0b289a3c1b9976
Image: nginx
Image ID: docker-pullable://docker.io/nginx@sha256:b81f317384d7388708a498555c28a7cce778a8f291d90021208b3eba3fe74887
Port:
Command:
/bin/sh
-c
env
State: Terminated
Reason: Completed
Exit Code: 0
Started: Thu, 30 Nov 2017 15:32:25 +0800
Finished: Thu, 30 Nov 2017 15:32:25 +0800
Ready: False
Restart Count: 0
Volume Mounts: <none>
Environment Variables:
SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY: <set to the key 'special.how' of config map 'special-config'>
SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY: <set to the key 'special.type' of config map 'special-config'>
Conditions:
Type Status
Initialized True
Ready False
PodScheduled True
No volumes.
QoS Class: BestEffort
Tolerations: <none>
Events:
FirstSeen LastSeen Count From SubObjectPath Type Reason Message
--------- -------- ----- ---- ------------- -------- ------ -------
3m 3m 1 {default-scheduler } Normal Scheduled Successfully assigned dapi-test-pod to 127.0.0.1
3m 3m 1 {kubelet 127.0.0.1} spec.containers{test-container} Normal Pulling pulling image "nginx"
3m 2m 2 {kubelet 127.0.0.1} Warning MissingClusterDNS kubelet does not have ClusterDNS IP configured and cannot create Pod using "ClusterFirst" policy. Falling back to DNSDefault policy.
2m 2m 1 {kubelet 127.0.0.1} spec.containers{test-container} Normal Pulled Successfully pulled image "nginx"
2m 2m 1 {kubelet 127.0.0.1} spec.containers{test-container} Normal Created Created container with docker id 1ba533f43ee6; Security:[seccomp=unconfined]
2m 2m 1 {kubelet 127.0.0.1} spec.containers{test-container} Normal Started Started container with docker id 1ba533f43ee6
# 可知container started 成功,進一步檢視日誌
$ docker logs 1ba
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.254.0.1:443
MY_SERVICE_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.254.110.249:80
MY_SERVICE_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.254.110.249
HOSTNAME=dapi-test-pod
MY_SERVICE_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
HOME=/root
MY_SERVICE_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MY_SERVICE_SERVICE_PORT_HTTP=80
SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY=charm
MY_SERVICE_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
MY_SERVICE_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.254.110.249:443
MY_SERVICE_SERVICE_HOST=10.254.110.249
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.254.0.1
NGINX_VERSION=1.13.7-1~stretch
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
NJS_VERSION=1.13.7.0.1.15-1~stretch
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
MY_SERVICE_SERVICE_PORT=80
MY_SERVICE_PORT=tcp://10.254.110.249:80
SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY=very
MY_SERVICE_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.254.110.249
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.254.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.254.0.1
MY_SERVICE_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
PWD=/
MY_SERVICE_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
ConfigMap的限制條件
- ConfigMap必須在Pod之前建立才能被使用。
- ConfigMap可以定義其屬於哪個Namspece,只有在同一個Namespace中的pod才能引用。
刪除Pod
- 有時候deployment、rs、rc、services都為0,但是Pod確存在著。則重啟kubelet服務即可。
$ systemctl restart kubelet
補充
# 列出當前節點名
kubectl get node
NAME STATUS AGE
127.0.0.1 Ready 6d
# 已知當前節點名為127.0.0.1,用如下命令即可獲得該節點上所有執行節點
$ curl localhost:8080/api/v1/proxy/nodes/127.0.0.1/pods
{"kind":"PodList","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{},"items":null}
我們最好不要越過RC而直接建立Pod,因為Replication Controller會通過RC管理Pod副本。實現自動建立、補足、替換、刪除Pod副本,大大提高系統的容災能力
- 重新排程(Rescheduling)
- 彈性伸縮(Scaling)
- 滾動更新(Rolling Updates)
報錯
$ sudo kubectl create -f file.yaml
YAML error: found character that cannot start any token
# or
error:yaml: line 15: found a tab character that violate indentation
#file.yaml不可用tab鍵來空格