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Java常見面試題—Future與FutureTask

Future

Future就是對於具體的Runnable或者Callable任務的執行結果進行取消、查詢是否完成、獲取結果等操作。必要時可以通過get方法獲取執行結果,該方法會阻塞直到任務返回結果。
Future類位於java.util.concurrent包下,它是一個介面:

/** 
* @see FutureTask 
 * @see Executor 
 * @since 1.5 
 * @author Doug Lea 
 * @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's <tt>get</tt> method 
 */  
public interface Future<V> {  

    /** 
     * Attempts to
cancel execution of this task. This attempt will * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled, * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful, * and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called, * this task should never run
. If the task has already started, * then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in * an attempt to stop the task. * */ boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning); /** * Returns <tt>true
</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed * normally. */ boolean isCancelled(); /** * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed. * */ boolean isDone(); /** * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then * retrieves its result. * * @return the computed result */ V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; /** * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available. * * @param timeout the maximum time to wait * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument * @return the computed result */ V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException; }

在Future介面中聲明瞭5個方法,下面依次解釋每個方法的作用:

cancel(
方法用來取消任務,如果取消任務成功則返回true,如果取消任務失敗則返回false。引數mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允許取消正在執行卻沒有執行完畢的任務,如果設定true,則表示可以取消正在執行過程中的任務。如果任務已經完成,則無論mayInterruptIfRunning為true還是false,此方法肯定返回false,即如果取消已經完成的任務會返回false;如果任務正在執行,若mayInterruptIfRunning設定為true,則返回true,若mayInterruptIfRunning設定為false,則返回false;如果任務還沒有執行,則無論mayInterruptIfRunning為true還是false,肯定返回true。

isCancelled()
方法表示任務是否被取消成功,如果在任務正常完成前被取消成功,則返回 true。

isDone()
方法表示任務是否已經完成,若任務完成,則返回true;

get()
方法用來獲取執行結果,這個方法會產生阻塞,會一直等到任務執行完畢才返回;

get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
用來獲取執行結果,如果在指定時間內,還沒獲取到結果,就直接返回null。
也就是說Future提供了三種功能:

1)判斷任務是否完成;
2)能夠中斷任務;
3)能夠獲取任務執行結果。
因為Future只是一個介面,所以是無法直接用來建立物件使用的,因此就有了下面的FutureTask。

FutureTask

FutureTask的實現:

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>

FutureTask類實現了RunnableFuture介面,RunnableFuture介面:

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {  
    /** 
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation 
     * unless it has been cancelled. 
     */  
    void run();  
}  

可以看出RunnableFuture繼承了Runnable介面和Future介面,而FutureTask實現了RunnableFuture介面。所以它既可以作為Runnable被執行緒執行,又可以作為Future得到Callable的返回值。
FutureTask提供了2個構造器:

public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {  
    if (callable == null)  
        throw new NullPointerException();  
    this.callable = callable;  
    this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  
}  

public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {  
    this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);  
    this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  
}  

可以看到,Runnable注入會被Executors.callable()函式轉換為Callable型別,即FutureTask最終都是執行Callable型別的任務。該適配函式的實現如下:

public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {  
    if (task == null)  
        throw new NullPointerException();  
    return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);  
} 

RunnableAdapter介面卡

/** 
 * A callable that runs given task and returns given result 
 */  
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {  
    final Runnable task;  
    final T result;  
    RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {  
        this.task = task;  
        this.result = result;  
    }  
    public T call() {  
        task.run();  
        return result;  
    }  
}  

FutureTask是Future介面的一個唯一實現類。
FutureTask實現了Runnable,因此它既可以通過Thread包裝來直接執行,也可以提交給ExecuteService來執行。
FutureTask實現了Futrue可以直接通過get()函式獲取執行結果,該函式會阻塞,直到結果返回。

例項:
Callable+Future獲取執行結果

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        Task task = new Task();
        Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(task);
        executor.shutdown();

        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("主執行緒在執行任務");

        try {
            System.out.println("task執行結果"+result.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("所有任務執行完畢");
    }
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("子執行緒在進行計算");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
            sum += i;
        return sum;
    }
}

執行結果:

子執行緒在進行計算
主執行緒在執行任務
task執行結果4950
所有任務執行完畢

Callable+FutureTask獲取執行結果

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //第一種方式
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        Task task = new Task();
        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
        executor.submit(futureTask);
        executor.shutdown();

        //第二種方式,注意這種方式和第一種方式效果是類似的,只不過一個使用的是ExecutorService,一個使用的是Thread
        /*Task task = new Task();
        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
        Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);
        thread.start();*/

        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("主執行緒在執行任務");

        try {
            System.out.println("task執行結果"+futureTask.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

        System.out.println("所有任務執行完畢");
    }
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("子執行緒在進行計算");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
            sum += i;
        return sum;
    }
}