在Oracle 12c中，分CDB 和PDB，他們的啟動和關閉操作整理如下。

1. Container Database (CDB)

STARTUP [NOMOUNT | MOUNT | RESTRICT | UPGRADE | FORCE | READ ONLY]

SHUTDOWN [IMMEDIATE | ABORT]

要注意，在12c資料庫建立完成後，預設情況下使用sqlplus / as sysdba 登入連線的是CDB。

[[email protected]~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus:Release 12.1.0.1.0 Production on Thu Apr 24 17:50:34 2014
Copyright(c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rightsreserved.
Connectedto:
OracleDatabase 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.1.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
Withthe Partitioning, OLAP, Advanced Analytics and Real Application Testing options

SQL>show
 
 con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT

SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------
2 4088301206 F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE
 

我們現在連線的是CDB，即root container。

我們關閉CDB：

SQL>shutdown immediate

Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.

我們關閉CDB之前PDB 是沒有關閉的，所以這個操作也會把PDB 關閉掉。

SQL>startup

ORACLE instance started.
TotalSystem Global Area 1269366784 bytes
FixedSize 2287912 bytes
VariableSize 788530904 bytes
DatabaseBuffers 469762048 bytes
RedoBuffers 8785920 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

SQL> select
 
 con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_modefrom v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
---------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA MOUNTED

注意這裡的PDB，在CDB 啟動之，PDB 是自動啟動到mount狀態，而不是OPEN。 所以我們還需要手工去open它，當然，也可以通過在CDB中配置觸發器來自動open。

2. Pluggable Database (PDB)

PDB 的操作可以通過SQL*PLUS 來操作，也可以通過ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE 命令操作。

2.1 使用SQL*Plus 命令

因為預設連線的是CDB,所以必須先指定PDB才可以通過sqlplus來啟動和關閉PDB，具體語法和普通例項一樣：

STARTUP FORCE;

STARTUP OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICT];

STARTUP OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICT];

STARTUP UPGRADE;

SHUTDOWN [IMMEDIATE];

SQL>show con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
CDB$ROOT

SQL>selectcon_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA MOUNTED

注意這裡是mount，表示PDB 是關閉的。

--指定PDB 資料庫：
SQL>alter session set container=pdbcndba;

Session altered.

SQL>startup

Pluggable Database opened.

SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE

啟動成功。 當我們切換到PDB之後，就看不到seed PDB的資訊了。

2.2 使用ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE命令

如果在PDB中可以使用如下語法：

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN UPGRADE [RESTRICTED];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE CLOSE [IMMEDIATE];

如果是在CDB中，可以使用如下語法：

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN READ WRITE [RESTRICTED][FORCE];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN READ ONLY [RESTRICTED] [FORCE];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> OPEN UPGRADE [RESTRICTED];

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE <pdd-name-clause> CLOSE [IMMEDIATE];

<pdd-name-clause>表示的是多個PDB，如果有多個，用逗號分開。 也可以使用ALL或者ALL EXCEPT關鍵字來替代。

ALL：表示所有的PDBS。
ALLEXCEPT：表示需要排除的PDBS。

如：

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 OPEN READ ONLY FORCE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE pdb1, pdb2 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 OPEN;

ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL EXCEPT pdb1 CLOSE IMMEDIATE;

示例：

SQL>alter session set container=CDB$ROOT;

Session altered.

SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787 PDBCNDBA READ WRITE

SQL>ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL CLOSE ;

Pluggable database altered.

SQL>select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_mode from v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
2 4088301206F7C1E3C96BBF0585E0430A01A8C05459 PDB$SEED READ ONLY
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787PDBCNDBA MOUNTED

SQL>alter session set container=pdbcndba;

Session altered.

SQL>ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE OPEN;

Pluggable database altered.

SQL> select con_id, dbid, guid, name , open_modefrom v$pdbs;

CON_ID DBID GUID NAME OPEN_MODE
-------------------- -------------------------------- --------------- ----------
3 426143573 F7C209EB1DFC0854E0430A01A8C0B787PDBCNDBA READ WRITE

3. 設定Pluggable Database (PDB) 的自動startup

預設情況下，在CDB 啟動的時候，all 的PDB 都是mount狀態，也沒有預設的機制，在CDB啟動時自動啟動PDB。

但這裡可以通過觸發器來實現PDB的自動open：

CREATEOR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs

AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE

BEGIN

    EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';

END open_pdbs;

/

示例：

SQL>show con_name

CON_NAME
------------------------------
PDBCNDBA

SQL>alter session set container=CDB$ROOT;

Session altered.

SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER open_pdbs
2 AFTER STARTUP ON DATABASE
3 BEGIN
4 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE 'ALTER PLUGGABLE DATABASE ALL OPEN';
5 END open_pdbs;
6 /

Trigger created.