一、Vagrant是什麼？

    vagrant是一個操作虛擬機器的工具.是一個基於Ruby的工具，用於建立和部署虛擬化開發環境。    通過命令和配置檔案來管理虛擬機器,很快就能完成一套開發環境的部署,並可以打包傳播,統一了開發環境,也解決了重複配置環境的麻煩.

二、Vargant的好處

1. Vagrant會建立共享資料夾，用來在主機和虛擬機器之間進行資源共享； 

2. Vagrant通過新增box映象進行快速部署，部署完畢後可以通過package進行打包分發，避免二次重建環境； 

3. Vagrant可以使用puppet、chref等管理工具進行自動化配置部署；

 4. Vagrant支援單機模擬多臺機器，且支援一個配置檔案Vagrantfile就可以跑分散式系統。

三、準備工作

win7下建議安裝版本

1.vagrant_1.8.6.msi  

2.VirtualBox-5.1.24-117012-Win.exe

win10下建議安裝版本

我這裡是Win10系統，剛開始不清楚，裝的是最新的VirtualBox-5.2.8-121009-Win.exe+Vagrant 2.1.1啟動就報錯，後來上網一搜說是版本不相容造成的。我這裡有兩臺電腦都是win10的有臺電腦上死活裝不上，有臺電腦卻能裝上。。跟win10系統版本也有關係?我這系統版本是:

四、進行安裝

1.安裝VirtualBox

VirtualBox安裝就不多說了，一直下一步下一步就行了。

2.安裝Vagrant

Vargrant下載win版的，然後一直下一步下一步就行了。

3.下載package.box

去vagrant官網下載一個package.box 檔案，box檔案就是一個系統的映象檔案 :http://www.vagrantbox.es/

4.把虛擬機器載入到box容器中

下載好之後，在該目錄下執行命令載入映象檔案到Vagrant中去:

vagrant box add centos7 xxxx.box

centos7是給虛擬機器起的名字 ,隨意寫。然後可以通過以下命令檢視，當前vagrant下有那些可用

C:\Users\fendo>vagrant box list
centos7 (virtualbox, 0)

5.初始化虛擬機器

在你想要建立虛擬機器的目錄下，執行以下命令進行初始化

vagrant init centos7

會生成一個Vagrantfile檔案,該檔案就是Vagrant的配置檔案。

6.啟動虛擬機器

在該目錄下輸入:

vagrant up 

啟動報錯:

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Importing base box 'centos7'...
==> default: Matching MAC address for NAT networking...
==> default: Setting the name of the VM: Node1_default_1525964151077_64147
"rsync" could not be found on your PATH. Make sure that rsync
is properly installed on your system and available on the PATH.

修改:

C:\Users\{your_username}\.vagrant.d\boxes\centos7\0\virtualbox\Vagrantfile

原配置：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.base_mac = "525400cae48b"
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "rsync"
end

改為：

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.base_mac = "525400cae48b"
  config.vm.synced_folder ".", "/vagrant", type: "virtualbox"
end

然後啟動，報如下錯誤:

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
    default:
    default: Vagrant insecure key detected. Vagrant will automatically replace
    default: this with a newly generated keypair for better security.
    default:
    default: Inserting generated public key within guest...
    default: Removing insecure key from the guest if it's present...
    default: Key inserted! Disconnecting and reconnecting using new SSH key...
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
    default: No guest additions were detected on the base box for this VM! Guest
    default: additions are required for forwarded ports, shared folders, host only
    default: networking, and more. If SSH fails on this machine, please install
    default: the guest additions and repackage the box to continue.
    default:
    default: This is not an error message; everything may continue to work properly,
    default: in which case you may ignore this message.
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => E:/OS_WORK/Node1
Vagrant was unable to mount VirtualBox shared folders. This is usually
because the filesystem "vboxsf" is not available. This filesystem is
made available via the VirtualBox Guest Additions and kernel module.
Please verify that these guest additions are properly installed in the
guest. This is not a bug in Vagrant and is usually caused by a faulty
Vagrant box. For context, the command attempted was:

mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1000,gid=1000 vagrant /vagrant

The error output from the command was:

mount: unknown filesystem type 'vboxsf'

中文意思就是:

vagrant 無法裝載VirtualBox的共享資料夾,因為檔案系統"vboxsf"無法使用.
這個檔案系統通過VirtualBox客戶新增核心模組獲得,請確認是否被正確安裝.
這不是vagrant的問題,而是VirtualBox引起的問題.
請嘗試執行,以下命令:
mount -t vboxsf -o uid=1001,gid=1001 work_ /work
命令輸出的錯誤資訊為:
sbin/mount.vboxsf:掛載失敗:找不到這個檔案或目錄

網上說的是，是Vagrant沒有安裝VBoxGuestAdditions，下面來手工安裝VitrualBox的這個增強功能：

●使用命令

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant halt
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...

停止已在執行的虛擬機器

●啟動VirtualBox中的虛擬機器

直接在VirtualBox中啟動虛擬機器，如下所示進行登入：

輸入預設使用者名稱 : vagrant , 登入密碼 : vagrant 

●掛載並安裝VBoxGuestAdditions

掛載辦法如下所示：裝置->安裝增強功能

提示以下錯誤

手動安裝下，在VirtualBox安裝目錄下找到VBoxGuestAdditions.iso

載入進來，之後重啟下,使用以下命令安裝VBoxGuestAdditions

sudo mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom
cd /media/cdrom/
sudo ./VBoxLinuxAddtions.run

發現還是不行，然後又執行以下命令更新了下系統

sudo yum update
sudo yum install gcc
sudo yum install kernel-devel

exit #退出虛擬機器
vagrant halt # 關閉虛擬機器

後面還是不行。然後使用vagrant命令進行安裝

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant plugin install vagrant-vbguest
Installing the 'vagrant-vbguest' plugin. This can take a few minutes...
Installed the plugin 'vagrant-vbguest (0.15.1)'!

之後重啟

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant reload --provision
==> default: Clearing any previously set forwarded ports...
==> default: Clearing any previously set network interfaces...
==> default: Preparing network interfaces based on configuration...
    default: Adapter 1: nat
==> default: Forwarding ports...
    default: 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1)
==> default: Booting VM...
==> default: Waiting for machine to boot. This may take a few minutes...
    default: SSH address: 127.0.0.1:2222
    default: SSH username: vagrant
    default: SSH auth method: private key
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
[default] No installation found.
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.shu.edu.cn
Package kernel-devel-3.10.0-862.2.3.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package gcc-4.8.5-28.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package binutils-2.27-27.base.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 1:make-3.82-23.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package 4:perl-5.16.3-292.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Package bzip2-1.0.6-13.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version
Nothing to do
Copy iso file C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso into the box /tmp/VBoxGuestAdditions.iso
Mounting Virtualbox Guest Additions ISO to: /mnt
mount: /dev/loop0 is write-protected, mounting read-only
Installing Virtualbox Guest Additions 5.1.24 - guest version is unknown
Verifying archive integrity... All good.
Uncompressing VirtualBox 5.1.24 Guest Additions for Linux...........
VirtualBox Guest Additions installer
Copying additional installer modules ...
Installing additional modules ...
vboxadd.sh: Starting the VirtualBox Guest Additions.

Could not find the X.Org or XFree86 Window System, skipping.
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start vboxadd.service
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start vboxadd-service.service
Unmounting Virtualbox Guest Additions ISO from: /mnt

==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...
==> default: Mounting shared folders...
    default: /vagrant => E:/OS_WORK/Node1

然後啟動:

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Machine already provisioned. Run `vagrant provision` or use the `--provision`
==> default: flag to force provisioning. Provisioners marked to run always will still run.

五、Vagrant連線

1.虛擬機器相關登入資訊

E:\OS_WORK\Node1>vagrant ssh
`ssh` executable not found in any directories in the %PATH% variable. Is an
SSH client installed? Try installing Cygwin, MinGW or Git, all of which
contain an SSH client. Or use your favorite SSH client with the following
authentication information shown below:

Host: 127.0.0.1
Port: 2222
Username: vagrant
Private key: E:/OS_WORK/Node1/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/private_key

這樣我們就可以像連線到一臺伺服器一樣進行操作了。

2.ssh登入

window機器不支援這樣的命令，必須使用第三方客戶端來進行連線，例如xmoba、putty、Xshell等.

ssh: 127.0.0.1  
埠: 2222  
使用者名稱: vagrant  
密碼: vagrant  

這裡使用Xshell來登入

找到剛剛上面生成的祕鑰: 

E:/OS_WORK/Node1/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/private_key

然後點選確定，進行連線

注意事項：

注意關機之前都要關閉下虛擬機器。如果不關閉的話 明天早上起來就發現啟動不了

在.Vagrantfile檔案中設定：
設定使用者名稱以及密碼：
    config.ssh.username = "vagrant"
    config.ssh.password = "vagrant"
設定虛擬網路

    config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

六、Vagrant常用命令

1. 新增box

提前下載好的box檔案，~/box/centos.box，我們給這個box命名為centos vagrant box add centos ~/box/centos.box#box檔案也可以是遠端地址 base 為預設名稱#vagrant box add base http://files.vagrantup.com/lucid64.box

2. 初始化

開啟目錄#cd ~/vagrant/work#初始化vagrant init#如果你新增的box名稱不是base，那麼需要在初始化的時候指定名稱，例如vagrant init centos

3. 啟動虛擬機器

vagrant up

4. 打包分發

vagrant package

5. 幫助命令

vagrant help

6. 檢視vagrant版本資訊

vagrant -v

Vagrant命令詳解

命令	作用
vagrant box add	新增box的操作
vagrant init	初始化box的操作，會生成vagrant的配置檔案Vagrantfile
vagrant up	啟動本地環境
vagrant ssh	通過 ssh 登入本地環境所在虛擬機器
vagrant halt	關閉本地環境
vagrant suspend	暫停本地環境
vagrant resume	恢復本地環境
vagrant reload	修改了 Vagrantfile 後，使之生效（相當於先 halt，再 up）
vagrant destroy	徹底移除本地環境
vagrant box list	顯示當前已經新增的box列表
vagrant box remove	刪除相應的box
vagrant package	打包命令，可以把當前的執行的虛擬機器環境進行打包
vagrant plugin	用於安裝解除安裝外掛
vagrant status	獲取當前虛擬機器的狀態
vagrant global-status	顯示當前使用者Vagrant的所有環境狀態