When you compile a debug build of your program with Visual Studio and run it in debugger, you can see that the memory allocated or deallocated has funny values, such as 0xCDCDCDCD or 0xDDDDDDDD. This is the result of the work Microsoft has put in to detect memory corruption and leaks in the Win32 platform. In this article, I will explain how memory allocation/deallocation is done via new/delete or malloc/free.

First, I will explain what all these values that you see, like CD, DD, and so forth, mean.

If you take a look at DBGHEAP.C, you can see how some of these values are defined:

static unsigned char _bNoMansLandFill = 0xFD;   /* fill no-man's land with this */static unsigned char _bDeadLandFill   = 0xDD;   /* fill free objects with this */static unsigned char _bCleanLandFill  = 0xCD;   /* fill new objects with this */

Before going any further, take a look at the memory management function that I will refer in this article.

There are many other functions that deal with memory management. For a complete view please refer to MSDN.

Note: Because this article is about memory management in a debug build, all the references to malloc and free in the following are actually references to their debug versions, _malloc_dbg and _free_dbg.

Compile the following code and run it in the debugger, walking step by step into it to see how memory is allocated and deallocated.

int main(int argc, char* argv[]){   char *buffer = new char[12];   delete [] buffer;   return 0;}

Here, 12 bytes are dynamically allocated, but the CRT allocates more than that by wrapping the allocated block with bookkeeping information. For each allocated block, the CRT keeps information in a structure called _CrtMemBlockHeader, which is declared in DBGINT.H:

#define nNoMansLandSize 4typedef struct _CrtMemBlockHeader{        struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderNext;        struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderPrev;        char *                      szFileName;        int                         nLine;        size_t                      nDataSize;        int                         nBlockUse;        long                        lRequest;        unsigned char               gap[nNoMansLandSize];        /* followed by:         *  unsigned char           data[nDataSize];         *  unsigned char           anotherGap[nNoMansLandSize];         */

It stores the following information:

Most of the work of heap block allocation and deallocation are made by HeapAlloc() and HeapFree(). When you request 12 bytes to be allocated on the heap, malloc() will call HeapAlloc(), requesting 36 more bytes.

blockSize = sizeof(_CrtMemBlockHeader) + nSize + nNoMansLandSize;

malloc requests space for the 12 bytes we need (nSize), plus 32 bytes for the _CrtMemBlockHeader structure and another nNoMansLandSize bytes (4 bytes) to fence the data zone and close the gap.

But, HeapAlloc() will allocate even more bytes: 8 bytes below the requested block (that is, at a lower address) and 32 above it (that is, at a bigger address). It also initializes the requested block to 0xBAADF00D (bad food).

Then, malloc() fills the _CrtMemBlockHeader block with information and initializes the data block with 0xCD and no mans land with 0xFD.

Here is a table that shows how memory looks after the call to HeapAlloc() and after malloc() returns. For a complete situation, see the last table. (Note: All values are in hex.)

Colors:

• Green: win32 bookkeeping info
• Blue: block size requested by malloc and filled with bad food
• Magenta: _CrtMemBlockHeader block
• Red: no mans land
• Black: requested data block

In this example, after the call to malloc() returns, buffer will point to memory address 0x00321000.

When you call delete/free, the CRT will set the block it requested from HeapAlloc() to 0xDD, indicating this is a free zone. Normally after this, free() will call HeapFree() to give back the block to the Win32 heap, in which case the block will be overwritten with 0xFEEEEEEE, to indicate Win32 heap free memory.

You can avoid this by using the CRTDBG_DELAY_FREE_MEM_DF flag to _CrtSetDbgFlag(). It prevents memory from actually being freed, as for simulating low-memory conditions. When this bit is on, freed blocks are kept in the debug heap's linked list but are marked as _FREE_BLOCK. This is useful if you want to detect dangling pointers errors, which can be done by verifying if the freed block is written with 0xDD pattern or something else. Use _CrtCheckMemory() to verify the heap.s integrity.

The next table shows how the memory looks during the free(), before HeapFree() is called and afterwards.

Colors:

• Green: win32 bookkeeping info
• Blue: CRT block filled with dead memory
• Gray: memory given back to win32 heap

The two tables above are put in a single, more detailed, table below:

About the Author
Marius Bancila is a software developer working for a company that provides industrial automation solutions, but he is mainly focused on GUI design with MFC. When he discovered the .NET framework quickly fell inlove. He considers that CodeGuru is the best place on internet to spend time on.