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kubernetes系列06—kubernetes資源清單定義入門

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本文收錄在容器技術學習系列文章總目錄

1、認識kubernetes資源

1.1 常用資源/對象

  • workload工作負載型資源:pod,ReplicaSet,Deployment,StatefulSet,daemonset,job...
  • 服務器發現及均衡:Service,Lngress...
  • 配置與存儲:volume,CSI
    • configmap,secret
    • downwardAPI
  • 集群級資源
    • namespace,node,role,clusterrole,rolebinding,clusterrolebinding
  • 元數據型資源
    • HPA,podtemplate,limitrange

1.2 創建資源的方法

  • apiserver 僅接受JSON格式的資源定義;
  • yaml格式提供配置清單apiserver 可自動將其轉為JSON格式,而後再提交;

1.3 大部分(主流)資源的配置清單:有5個一級字段組成

  • apiservergroup/version
    • 查詢當前支持哪些apiserver$ kubectl api-versions
  • kind:資源類別
  • metadata:元數據
    • name:名稱
    • namespace:名稱空間
    • labels:標簽
    • annotation:資源註解
    • selfLink:每個資源的引用
      PATH/api/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/TYPE/NAME
  • spec:期望的狀態(disired state),期望資源應該用於什麽特性
  • status:當前狀態(current state),本字段由kubernetes集群維護,用戶不能自己定義

1.4 使用kubectl explain查詢每個資源如何配置

1)例如查詢如何定義pod資源

[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1

DESCRIPTION:
     Pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host. This resource is
     created by clients and scheduled onto hosts.

FIELDS:
   apiVersion	<string>
... ...
   kind	<string>
... ...

   metadata	<Object>
... ...
   spec	<Object>
... ...
   status	<Object>
... ...

  

2)能一級一級進入查詢;如查詢定義pod metadata字段

[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1

RESOURCE: spec <Object>

DESCRIPTION:
... ...

FIELDS:
... ..
   affinity	<Object>
... ...
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containers
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1

RESOURCE: containers <[]Object>

DESCRIPTION:
... ...
FIELDS:
   args	<[]string>
... ...
   command	<[]string>
... ...   

自己定義資源時,不清楚如何定義,可以進行快速的查詢

1.5 示例

1)查詢集群中的pod(上篇創建的pod

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          4h
myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg        1/1       Running   0          46m
myapp-848b5b879b-wtrjr        1/1       Running   0          46m
myapp-848b5b879b-z2sqc        1/1       Running   0          46m

  

2-o yaml輸出為yaml格式,查看pod創建的操作

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg -o yaml
apiVersion: v1  #api版本
kind: Pod  #資源類別
metadata:  #元數據
  annotations:
    cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 10.244.1.60/32
  labels:
    pod-template-hash: "4046164356"
    run: myapp
  name: myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg
  namespace: default
... ...
  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg
spec:  #規格、規範;期望資源應該用於什麽特性;期望目標狀態
... ...
status:  #當前狀態
... ...

  

1.6 演示:基於yaml格式文件,創建pod

[root@master ~]# mkdir manifests
[root@master ~]# cd manifests/

1)編寫pod-demo.yaml文件

創建2個容器,一個運行nginx;一個在busybox中執行sleep命令

[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-demo
  namespace: default
  #labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以寫為{}形式;
  labels: #也可以在下邊分級寫
    app: myapp
    tier: frontend
spec:
  containers:
  - name: myapp
    image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:latest
    #command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"]  #列表可以寫為[]形式;
    command: #也可以在下邊分級寫,要加-
    - "/bin/sh"
    - "-c"
    - "sleep 3600"

  

2)基於pod-demo.yaml 文件創建create pod

[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml 
pod/pod-demo created

  

3)驗證

查詢創建pod的信息

[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml
pod/pod-demo created
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP            NODE
pod-demo   2/2       Running   0          1m        10.244.1.61   node1
---查看詳細信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods pod-demo
Name:               pod-demo
Namespace:          default
... ...

訪問pod中的服務

[root@master manifests]# curl 10.244.1.61
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
---查詢pod產生的日誌
[root@master manifests]# kubectl logs pod-demo myapp
192.168.130.104 - - [23/Jan/2019:05:35:35 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 65 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "-"

基於yaml文件刪除pod

[root@master manifests]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo.yaml 
pod "pod-demo" deleted
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods
No resources found.

  

2Pod資源

2.1 Pod資源常用選項

  • metadata.label:標簽
    • key=value
      • key:字母、數字、_-.
      • value:可以為空,只能字母或數字開頭及結尾,中間可使用字母、數字、_-.
  • metadata.annotations:資源註解
  • spec.containers <[]object>
    • - name:容器名稱
    • image:鏡像
    • imagePullPolicy:下載鏡像規則,若鏡像時latest標簽,默認是Always;否則默認IfNotPresen
      • Always總是鏡像,Never不下載鏡像,IfNotPresent本地有則不下載
    • ports:從容器中公開的端口列表
      • containerPortPod中服務的端口號
      • hostIP:暴露綁定在主機哪個IP
      • hostPort:暴露在主機的端口號
      • name:暴露這個端口的名稱
    • args:參數
    • command:執行命令
  • spec.nodeSelector:節點標簽選擇器

2.2 演示

1)修改pod-demo.yaml文件

[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-demo
  namespace: default
  #labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以寫為{}形式;
  labels: #也可以在下邊分級寫
    app: myapp
    tier: frontend
  annotations:
    along.com/created-by: "cluster admin"
spec:
  containers:
  - name: myapp
    image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
    ports:
    - name: http
      containerPort: 80
    - name: https
      containerPort: 443
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:latest
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    #command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"]  #列表可以寫為[]形式;
    command: #也可以在下邊分級寫,要加-
    - "/bin/sh"
    - "-c"
    - "sleep 3600"
  nodeSelector:
    disktype: ssd

  

2)將node1節點打上disktype=ssd的標簽

[root@master manifests]# kubectl label node node1 disktype=ssd
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get nodes node1 --show-labels
NAME      STATUS    ROLES     AGE       VERSION   LABELS
node1     Ready     <none>    140d      v1.11.2   beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=node1

  

3)基於yaml文件創建pod

[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml 
pod/pod-demo created

  

4)驗證

--- pod只會創建到node1節點上,因為node1的disktype=ssd標簽
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pod -o wide
NAME       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP            NODE
pod-demo   2/2       Running   0          11s       10.244.1.68   node1
--- -l 指定標簽,實現標簽過濾
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods --show-labels -l app
NAME       READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       LABELS
pod-demo   2/2       Running   0          30s       app=myapp,tier=frontend

  

3Pod健康檢測

3.1 pod健康檢測介紹

  • pod健康檢測分為存活性探測、 就緒型探測;這在生產環境幾乎是必須配置的;
  • 如果沒有就緒型探測;pod一啟動就會被分配用戶流量;若pod中的服務像tomcat等,需要時間啟動;就會導致有一定時間,用戶訪問不到服務;
  • 如果沒有存活性探測:pod中服務一旦失敗,沒有檢測,不會將容器重啟關閉;也會導致用戶訪問服務失敗。

3.2 pod健康檢測選項

1)在spec字段下、containers字段配置,可使用explain查看詳細用法

$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.

  • livenessProbe 存活性探測
    • exec:指定檢測的命令
    • failureThreshold:連續失敗次數被認為失敗,默認為3,最小值為1
    • httpGet:指定要執行的http請求
    • initialDelaySeconds:在容器啟動多少秒後再檢測
    • periodSeconds:每隔多少秒探測一次;默認為10秒。最低限度值是1
    • successThreshold:連續成功次數認為服務正常
    • tcpSocket:定涉及TCP端口的操作
    • timeoutSeconds:探測超時的秒數,默認為1
  • readinessProbe 就緒型探測(和livenessProbe 存活性探測選項一樣)

2pod中容器掛了,是否重啟pod

$ kubectl explain pod.spec.restartPolicy.

  • Always:總是重啟(默認)
  • OnFailure:只有容器狀態為錯誤時,才重啟
  • Never:絕不重啟

3.3 演示:exec方式實現存活性探測

1)編寫yaml文件

當探測到/tmp/healthy文件不存在時,認為服務故障;

容器在30秒後執行刪除/tmp/healthy文件

[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-exec.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: liveness-exec-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: liveness-exec-container
    image: busybox:latest
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"]
    livenessProbe:
      exec:
        command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"]
      initialDelaySeconds: 1  #在容器啟動後1秒開始檢測
      periodSeconds: 3  #每隔3秒探測一次
  restartPolicy: Always  #總是重啟pod

  

2)創建運行pod

[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-exec.yaml 
pod/liveness-exec-pod created
[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods
NAME                READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
liveness-exec-pod   1/1       Running       0          6s

  

3)等30s,容器就會檢測失敗,重啟pod;使用describe可以查看詳細信息

[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-exec-pod
... ...
    State:          Running
      Started:      Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800
    Last State:     Terminated  #上次狀態為終止
      Reason:       Error
      Exit Code:    137
      Started:      Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:57:01 +0800
      Finished:     Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800
    Ready:          True
    Restart Count:  1  #重啟次數1次
    Liveness:       exec [test -e /tmp/healthy] delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3
... ...

  

3.4 演示:httpget方式實現存活性探測

1)編寫yaml文件,創建並運行pod

當探測不到容器內80端口,和提供80端口的/index.html文件時,認為服務故障;

[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-httpget.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: liveness-httpget-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: liveness-exec-container
    image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
    ports:
    - name: http
      containerPort: 80
    livenessProbe:
      httpget:
        port: http
        path: /index.html
      initialDelaySeconds: 1
      periodSeconds: 3
  restartPolicy: Always
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-httpget.yaml
pod/liveness-httpget-pod created

  

2)手動連入容器,刪除index.html文件

[root@master manifests]# kubectl exec -it liveness-httpget-pod -- /bin/sh
/ # rm -f /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html

  

3)容器會檢測失敗,重啟pod;使用describe可以查看詳細信息

[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-httpget-pod
... ...
    Port:           80/TCP
    Host Port:      0/TCP
    State:          Running
      Started:      Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800
    Last State:     Terminated  #上次狀態為終止
      Reason:       Completed
      Exit Code:    0
      Started:      Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:08:22 +0800
      Finished:     Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800
    Ready:          True
    Restart Count:  1  #重啟次數1次
    Liveness:       http-get http://:http/index.html delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3
... ...

  

3.5 演示:exec方式實現就緒性探測

1)編寫yaml文件,創建啟動容器

當探測到/tmp/healthy文件不存在時,就認為服務就緒不成功;pod啟動失敗;

[root@master manifests]# vim readiness-exec.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: readiness-exec-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name: readiness-exec-container
    image: busybox:latest
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    #command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"]
    command: ["sleep 3600"]
    readinessProbe:
      exec:
        command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"]
      periodSeconds: 3
  restartPolicy: Always
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f readiness-exec.yaml
pod/readiness-exec-pod created

  

2)查看,pod啟動就緒失敗

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                 READY     STATUS              RESTARTS   AGE
readiness-exec-pod   0/1       RunContainerError   1          12s

  

4Pod啟動前/後鉤子

4.1 介紹

  • pod在啟動前後都可以設置鉤子hook;在spec.containers.lifecycle字段下設置;
  • postStart:創建容器後立即調用PostStart操作;如果失敗,根據重啟策略終止;
  • preStop:在容器終止之前立即調用PreStop操作,該容器在處理程序完成後終止

4.2 語法

$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.lifecycle

  • postStart
    • exec:指定了要采取的命令;
    • httpGet:指定要執行的http請求;
    • tcpSocket:指定涉及TCP端口的操作
  • preStop (和postStart命令一樣)

4.3 演示:使用exec設置pod啟動前鉤子

1)編寫yaml文件,創建啟動容器

啟動容器前,先創建準備一個httpd服務的主頁面文件/tmp/index.html

[root@master manifests]# vim poststart-pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: poststart-pod
  namespace: default
spec:
  containers:
  - name:  poststart-container
    image: busybox:latest
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    lifecycle:
      postStart:
        exec:
          command: [‘/bin/sh‘,‘-c‘,‘echo hello > /tmp/index.html‘]
    command: [‘/bin/sh‘,‘-c‘,‘/bin/httpd -f -h /tmp‘]
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f poststart-pod.yaml 
pod/poststart-pod created

  

2)驗證,訪問服務

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME            READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE       IP            NODE
poststart-pod   1/1       Running   0          26s       10.244.2.69   node2
[root@master ~]# curl 10.244.2.69
hello

  

kubernetes系列06—kubernetes資源清單定義入門