Entity Framework連線資料庫、初始化的一些知識
俗話說:“工欲善其事必先利其器”,在深入講解Entity Framework之前,先準備一下開發工具以及前期的配置。
一、開發工具
開發工具基本略過,這裡說一下,我使用的是Visual Studio 2012,Entity Framework版本為4.3.1,獲取這個版本的辦法:在Package Manager Console中輸入Install-Package EntityFramework -Version 4.3.1。至於資料庫,主要是LocalDb。
二、連線資料庫
當使用NuGet安裝完Entity Framework後,在配置檔案中會自動加入entityFramework節,裡面有defaultConnectionFactory元素,如下:
1: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
2: <configuration>
3: <configSections>
4: <!-- For more information on Entity Framework configuration, visit http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=237468 -->
5: <section name="entityFramework" type="System.Data.Entity.Internal.ConfigFile.EntityFrameworkSection, EntityFramework, Version=4.3.1.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" />
6: </configSections>
7: <entityFramework>
8: <defaultConnectionFactory type="System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure.SqlConnectionFactory, EntityFramework">
9: <parameters>
10: <parameter value="Data Source=(localdb)\v11.0; Integrated Security=True; MultipleActiveResultSets=True" />
11: </parameters>
12: </defaultConnectionFactory>
13: </entityFramework>
14: </configuration>
在沒有提供具體資料庫連線的情況下,EF預設使用這一配置。如上面程式碼中,預設會連線到LocalDb,資料庫的名稱為上下文完全限定名(名稱空間+類名)。以前經常提到預設連線到.\SQLEXPRESS,因為安裝的版本不同。
EF中提供了兩個連線工廠:SqlConnectionFactory和SqlCeConnectionFactory。使用方式分別如下:
1: Database.DefaultConnectionFactory = new SqlConnectionFactory("Data Source=.;Database=Test;UId=sa;Pwd=sasa;MultipleActiveResultSets=True");
或
1: Database.DefaultConnectionFactory = new SqlConnectionFactory("Data Source=.;Database=Test;User=sa;Password=sasa;MultipleActiveResultSets=True");
和
1: Database.DefaultConnectionFactory = new SqlCeConnectionFactory("System.Data.SqlServerCe.4.0");
在配置檔案和程式碼中同時有DefaultConnectionFactory的情況下,程式碼中的優先。
下面,寫一個簡單的控制檯程式。程式碼如下:
1: namespace ConnectDatabase
2: {
3: class Program
4: {
5: static void Main(string[] args)
6: {
7: using (TestContext ctx = new TestContext())
8: {
9: var blog = new Blog()
10: {
11: Name = "EF"
12: };
13: blog.Posts.Add(new Post()
14: {
15: Title = "連線資料庫",
16: Content = "這是連線資料庫的測試",
17: Creationdate = DateTime.Now,
18: Blog = blog
19: });
20: ctx.Blogs.Add(blog);
21: ctx.SaveChanges();
22:
23: foreach (var item in ctx.Blogs)
24: {
25: Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
26: }
27: }
28: }
29: }
30:
31: public class TestContext : DbContext
32: {
33: protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
34: {
35: base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
36: }
37:
38: public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
39: public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }
40: }
41:
42: public class Blog
43: {
44: public Blog()
45: {
46: Posts = new List<Post>();
47: }
48:
49: public int Id { get; set; }
50: public string Name { get; set; }
51: public virtual List<Post> Posts { get; set; }
52: }
53:
54: public class Post
55: {
56: public int Id { get; set; }
57: public string Title { get; set; }
58: public string Content { get; set; }
59: public DateTime Creationdate { get; set; }
60: public virtual Blog Blog { get; set; }
61: }
62: }
使用預設連線配置,生成的資料庫名稱為:ConnectDatabase.TestContext,如下圖所示:
重寫上面配置有以下方法:
1.在配置檔案中新增connectionStrings,name和上下文類名一致。
1: <connectionStrings>
2: <add name="TestContext1" connectionString="Data Source=(localdb)\v11.0;Database=Test;Integrated Security=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=True" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"/>
3: </connectionStrings>
2.同1,但是name和上下文類名不一致。這就需要修改TextContext程式碼,如下:
1: public TestContext() : this("TestContext1") { }
2:
3: public TestContext(string nameOrConnectionString)
4: : base(nameOrConnectionString)
5: {
6:
7: }
或
1: public TestContext()
2: : base("name=TestContext1")
3: {
4:
5: }
或
1: public TestContext():base("TestContext1"){}
下面給出連線具體資料庫的配置:
1.連線Sql Server資料庫
1: <connectionStrings>
2: <add name="TestContext" connectionString="Data Source=.;Database=Test;User=sa;Password=sasa;MultipleActiveResultSets=True" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"/>
3: </connectionStrings>
2.連線Sql Server Compact 4.0
1: <connectionStrings>
2: <add name="TestContext" connectionString="Data Source=|DataDirectory|\Test.sdf" providerName="System.Data.SqlServerCe.4.0"/>
3: </connectionStrings>
3.連線MySql 5.5
連線MySql資料庫需要安裝mysql提供程式mysql-connector-net-6.6.4,本文最後提供這些工具的下載地址。
1: <connectionStrings>
2: <add name="TestContext"
3: connectionString="User Id=root;server=localhost;password=sasa;database=test1"
4: providerName="MySql.Data.MySqlClient" />
5: </connectionStrings>
三、資料庫初始化
1.關閉初始化
1: Database.SetInitializer<TestContext>(null);
2.CreateDatabaseIfNotExists
這是Entity Framework的預設初始化策略,沒有必要設定它,如果真的需要設定,如下:
1: Database.SetInitializer(new CreateDatabaseIfNotExists<TestContext>());
3.DropCreateDatabaseWhenModelChanges
如果模型發生了改變,則刪除並重建資料庫。
1: Database.SetInitializer(new CreateDatabaseIfNotExists<TestContext>());
4.DropCreateDatabaseAlways
無論模型和資料庫匹配與否,都刪除並重建資料庫。
1: Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseAlways<TestContext>());
5.Database.Initialize可以強制初始化,即使在當前AppDomain中已經發生了。下面我寫個單元測試程式,來演示這一點:
1: [TestClass]
2: public class UnitTest1
3: {
4: [TestMethod]
5: public void TestForceInitialize()
6: {
7: //說明一點:我Demo中的TestContext和Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting.TestContext衝突了,所以寫成了ConnectDatabase.TestContext
8: //Arrage
9: Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseAlways<ConnectDatabase.TestContext>());
10: //Act
11: using (ConnectDatabase.TestContext ctx = new ConnectDatabase.TestContext())
12: {
13: ctx.Database.Initialize(force: true);
14: ctx.Blogs.Add(new ConnectDatabase.Blog()
15: {
16: Name = "強制初始化1"
17: });
18: ctx.SaveChanges();
19: }
20: using (ConnectDatabase.TestContext ctx = new ConnectDatabase.TestContext())
21: {
22: ctx.Database.Initialize(force: true);
23: ctx.Blogs.Add(new ConnectDatabase.Blog()
24: {
25: Name = "強制初始化2"
26: });
27: ctx.SaveChanges();
28: }
29: ConnectDatabase.Blog blog = null;
30: using (ConnectDatabase.TestContext ctx = new ConnectDatabase.TestContext())
31: {
32: blog = ctx.Blogs.FirstOrDefault();
33: }
34:
35: //Assert
36: Assert.IsNotNull(blog);
37: Assert.AreEqual("強制初始化2", blog.Name);
38:
39: }
40: }
測試結果:
因為設定的初始化策略為DropCreateDatabaseAlways,每一次呼叫Database.Initialize,引數為true,都會重新刪除並建立資料庫。
四、Seed資料
建立資料庫時初始化一些資料,首先自定義初始化策略,重寫Seed方法,程式碼如下:
1: public class DropCreateDatabaseWithSeedData : DropCreateDatabaseAlways<TestContext>
2: {
3: protected override void Seed(TestContext context)
4: {
5: context.Blogs.Add(new Blog()
6: {
7: Name = "種子資料1"
8: });
9: context.Blogs.Add(new Blog()
10: {
11: Name = "種子資料2"
12: });
13: //注意沒有呼叫context.SaveChanges(),base.Seed(context)會呼叫
14: base.Seed(context);
15: }
16: }
下面是測試程式:
1: [TestMethod]
2: public void SeedData()
3: {
4: Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseWithSeedData());
5: List<ConnectDatabase.Blog> blogList = null;
6: using (ConnectDatabase.TestContext ctx = new ConnectDatabase.TestContext())
7: {
8: blogList = ctx.Blogs.OrderBy(t => t.Id).ToList();
9: }
10: Assert.AreEqual(2, blogList.Count);
11: Assert.AreEqual("種子資料1", blogList[0].Name);
12: Assert.AreEqual("種子資料2", blogList[1].Name);
13: }
測試結果:
五、建立索引
在Seed方法中,使用ExecuteSqlCommand建立索引,程式碼如下:
1: protected override void Seed(TestContext context)
2: {
3: context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("CREATE INDEX IX_Test_Name ON Blogs (Name)");
4: context.Blogs.Add(new Blog()
5: {
6: Name = "種子資料1"
7: });
8: context.Blogs.Add(new Blog()
9: {
10: Name = "種子資料2"
11: });
12: //注意沒有呼叫context.SaveChanges(),base.Seed(context)會呼叫
13: base.Seed(context);
14: }
六、MySQL相關
mysql相關工具下載地址: