文章排版部分根據自己的理解做了一些修改。

各種命令的簡介

使用命令打包iOS 應用一般會用到 xcodebulid 和 xcrun。
xcodebuild主要是用來編譯工程。
xcrun 則是打包出ipa安裝包。
altool 適用於提交到AppStore 的。

想要知道更多關於xcodebuild 命令引數，則可以使用xcodebuild -help 檢視；
想要知道更多關於xcrun 命令引數，則可是用xcrun -help 檢視。

另外，官方文件中有對 Workspace、Project、Scheme、Target更詳細的講解，地址是：Xcode Concepts

altool

/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Applications/Application\ Loader.app/Contents/Frameworks/ITunesSoftwareService.framework/Support/altool

如果使用時，報如下錯誤：

altool[] *** Error: 
Exception while launching iTunesTransporter: Transporter not
 
 found at path: /usr/local/itms/bin/iTMSTransporter. 
You should reinstall the application.

建立軟鏈：

ln -s /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Applications/Application\ Loader.app/Contents/itms /usr/local/itms

如果想要在指令碼中修改或者讀取plist檔案的內容，可以使用PlistBuddy，PlistBuddy是Mac裡一個用於命令列下讀寫plist檔案的工具，在/usr/libexec/目錄下。

下面是一段讀取與修改 plist 中版本號的shell指令碼：

#!/bin/sh
# PlistBuddy程式的絕對路徑
PlistBuddyPath=/usr/libexec/PlistBuddy
# 工程中的plist 檔案路徑
appInfoPlistPath="/Volumes/SourceCode/showstart_ios/ShowStart_3.0/Info.plist"
# 讀取bundleShortVersion 版本號
bundleShortVersion=$($PlistBuddyPath -c "print CFBundleShortVersionString" ${appInfoPlistPath})
# 讀取bundleVersion 版本號
bundleVersion=$($PlistBuddyPath  -c "print CFBundleVersion" ${appInfoPlistPath})
# 在終端中列印版本號
echo "$bundleShortVersion"
echo "$bundleVersion"

buildNumber="3.69"
# 重新設定 plist檔案中的bundleVersion版本號
bundleVersion=$($PlistBuddyPath  -c "Set :CFBundleVersion $buildNumber" ${appInfoPlistPath})
# 再次讀取bundleVersion 版本號
bundleVersion=$($PlistBuddyPath  -c "print CFBundleVersion" ${appInfoPlistPath})
# 列印版本號
echo "$bundleVersion"

Xcode 8之前的打包命令

在Xcode 8之前打包，都是使用xcodebuild+xcrun 來打包ipa包。比如：

xcodebuild -workspace XXX -scheme XXX -configuration Release
xcrun -sdk iphoneos PackageApplication -v "/XXX/XXX.app" -o "/XXX/XXX"

需要注意的是，如果我們同時安裝了多個Xcode，比如我這裡同時安裝的Xcode 7 和 Xcode 8，使用 xcodeuild+xcrun 來打包ipa包 時，會出現如下錯誤：

2016-11-07 13:43:04.724 xcodebuild[22235:709735] CoreSimulator is attempting to unload a stale CoreSimulatorService job.  Detected Xcode.app relocation or CoreSimulatorService version change.  Framework path (/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreSimulator.framework) and version (209.19) does not match existing job path (/Applications/Xcode_8.app/Contents/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreSimulator.framework/Versions/A/XPCServices/com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService.xpc/Contents/MacOS/com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService) and version (303.8).
2016-11-07 13:43:04.982 xcodebuild[22235:709735] Failed to locate a valid instance of CoreSimulatorService in the bootstrap.  Adding it now.
2016-11-07 13:43:04.996 xcodebuild[22235:709735] *** Assertion failure in -[SimServiceContext reloadServiceIfMovedOrAbortIfWeAreInvalid], /BuildRoot/Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/CoreSimulator/CoreSimulator-209.19/CoreSimulator/SimServiceContext.m:536
** INTERNAL ERROR: Uncaught exception **
Uncaught Exception: The loaded com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService job does not match our expectations: pathOfLoadedJob: /Applications/Xcode_8.app/Contents/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreSimulator.framework/Versions/A/XPCServices/com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService.xpc/Contents/MacOS/com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService, our frameworkPath: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/CoreSimulator.framework

我在stackoverflow上找到了解決方案：
在終端中執行如下命令：

launchctl remove com.apple.CoreSimulator.CoreSimulatorService || true

Xcode 8 以及 之後的打包命令

安裝Xcode 8之後，使用xcodebuild+xcrun 打包時， 會提示 讓我們使用 -exportArchive 命令來構建。

關於 -exportArchive,在 xcodebuild -help 中有如下提示：

xcodebuild -exportArchive -archivePath <xcarchivepath> -exportPath <destinationpath> -exportOptionsPlist <plistpath>

······

-exportOptionsPlist PATH            specifies a path to a plist file that configures archive exporting

如何獲取工程的CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY和PROVISIONING_PROFILE

右鍵 xxx.xcodeproj 顯示包內容 然後開啟project.pbxproj檔案
command F 搜尋 CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY 和 PROVISIONING_PROFILE

PROVISIONING_PROFILE 使用uuid或者名稱都可以。
因為我這裡打包用的Release模式所以,我在查詢CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY和PROVISIONING_PROFILE都是找的Release模式配置。
使用atool時 最終輸出的xml 中包含 success-message表示成功,如果包含product-errors表示失敗。

我們可以將要執行的命令，寫進一個shell指令碼檔案中，這樣更方便執行。
給一個檔案新增執行許可權的命令是：

chmod +x xcodebuild.sh

進入指令碼所在的目錄，執行指令碼，有兩種方式

// 第一種
sh xxxx.sh
// 第二種
./xxxx.sh

指令碼中執行if 條件判斷的格式：

if []
then
.......//執行的命令
else
.......//執行的命令
fi

完整的指令碼如下：

#!/bin/sh

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~開始執行指令碼~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
# 開始時間
beginTime=`date +%s`
DATE=`date '+%Y-%m-%d-%T'`
#需要編譯的 targetName
TARGET_NAME="xxxx"
#編譯模式 工程預設有 Debug Release 
CONFIGURATION_TARGET=Release
#編譯路徑
BUILDPATH=~/Desktop/${TARGET_NAME}_${DATE}
#archivePath
ARCHIVEPATH=${BUILDPATH}/${TARGET_NAME}.xcarchive
#輸出的ipa目錄
IPAPATH=${BUILDPATH}

#證書名
CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY="xxxxx"
#描述檔案
PROVISIONING_PROFILE_NAME="xxxx"

#蘋果賬號
AppleID="xxxx"
AppleIDPWD="xxxx"

#匯出ipa 所需plist
ADHOCExportOptionsPlist=./ADHOCExportOptionsPlist.plist
AppStoreExportOptionsPlist=./AppStoreExportOptionsPlist.plist

ExportOptionsPlist=${ADHOCExportOptionsPlist}

# 是否上傳蒲公英
UPLOADPGYER=false
# 是否上傳AppStore
UPLOADAPPSTore=false

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~選擇打包方式~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo "        1 ad-hoc (預設)"
echo "        2 AppStore "

# 讀取使用者輸入並存到變數裡
read parameter
sleep 0.5
method="$parameter"

# 判讀使用者是否有輸入 
if [ -n "$method" ]
then
    if [ "$method" = "1" ]
    then 
    PROVISIONING_PROFILE_NAME="xxxx"
    ExportOptionsPlist=${ADHOCExportOptionsPlist}
    elif [ "$method" = "2" ]
    then
    UPLOADAPPSTore=true
    PROVISIONING_PROFILE_NAME="xxxx"
    ExportOptionsPlist=${AppStoreExportOptionsPlist}
    else
    echo "引數無效...."
    exit 1
    fi
else
    ExportOptionsPlist=${ADHOCExportOptionsPlist}
fi

if [ $UPLOADAPPSTore = false ]
then
    echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~是否上傳蒲公英~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
    echo "        1 不上傳 (預設)"
    echo "        2 上傳 "
    read para
    sleep 0.5

    if [ -n "$para" ]
    then
        if [ "$para" = "1" ]
        then 
        UPLOADPGYER=false
        elif [ "$para" = "2" ]
        then
        UPLOADPGYER=true
        else
        echo "引數無效...."
        exit 1
        fi
    else
        UPLOADPGYER=false
    fi
fi


echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~開始編譯~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~開始清理~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
# 清理 避免出現一些莫名的錯誤
xcodebuild clean -workspace ${TARGET_NAME}.xcworkspace \
-configuration \
${CONFIGURATION} -alltargets

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~開始構建~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
#開始構建
xcodebuild archive -workspace ${TARGET_NAME}.xcworkspace \
-scheme ${TARGET_NAME} \
-archivePath ${ARCHIVEPATH} \
-configuration ${CONFIGURATION_TARGET} \
CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY="${CODE_SIGN_IDENTITY}" \
PROVISIONING_PROFILE="${PROVISIONING_PROFILE_NAME}"

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~檢查是否構建成功~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
# xcarchive 實際是一個資料夾不是一個檔案所以使用 -d 判斷
if [ -d "$ARCHIVEPATH" ]
then
echo "構建成功......"
else
echo "構建失敗......"
rm -rf $BUILDPATH
exit 1
fi
endTime=`date +%s`
ArchiveTime="構建時間$[ endTime - beginTime ]秒"


echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~匯出ipa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"

beginTime=`date +%s`

xcodebuild -exportArchive \
-archivePath ${ARCHIVEPATH} \
-exportOptionsPlist ${ExportOptionsPlist} \
-exportPath ${IPAPATH}

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~檢查是否成功匯出ipa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
IPAPATH=${IPAPATH}/${TARGET_NAME}.ipa
if [ -f "$IPAPATH" ]
then
echo "匯出ipa成功......"
else
echo "匯出ipa失敗......"
# 結束時間
endTime=`date +%s`
echo "$ArchiveTime"
echo "匯出ipa時間$[ endTime - beginTime ]秒"
exit 1
fi

endTime=`date +%s`
ExportTime="匯出ipa時間$[ endTime - beginTime ]秒"

# 上傳AppStore
if [ $UPLOADAPPSTore = true ]
then    

    altoolPath="/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Applications/Application\ Loader.app/Contents/Frameworks/ITunesSoftwareService.framework/Versions/A/Support/altool"
    ${altoolPath} --validate-app \
    -f ${IPAPATH} \
    -u ${AppleID} \
    -p ${AppleIDPWD} \
    -t ios --output-format xml

        if [ $? = 0 ]
        then
        echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~驗證ipa成功~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
            ${altoolPath} --upload-app \
            -f ${IPAPATH} \
            -u ${AppleID} \
            -p ${AppleIDPWD} \
            -t ios --output-format xml

            if [ $? = 0 ]
            then
            echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~提交AppStore成功~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
            else
            echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~提交AppStore失敗~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
            fi
        else
        echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~驗證ipa失敗~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        fi
else
    # 上傳蒲公英    
    if [ $UPLOADPGYER = true ]
    then
        echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~上傳ipa到蒲公英~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        curl -F "[email protected]$IPAPATH" \
        -F "uKey=xxxxx" \
        -F "_api_key=xxxx" \
        -F "password=xxxxx" \
        -F "isPublishToPublic=xxxx" \
        https://www.pgyer.com/apiv1/app/upload --verbose

        if [ $? = 0 ]
        then
        echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~上傳蒲公英成功~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        else
        echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~上傳蒲公英失敗~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
        fi
    fi
fi

echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~配置資訊~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo "開始執行指令碼時間: ${DATE}"
echo "編譯模式: ${CONFIGURATION_TARGET}"
echo "匯出ipa配置: ${ExportOptionsPlist}"
echo "打包檔案路徑: ${ARCHIVEPATH}"
echo "匯出ipa路徑: ${IPAPATH}"

echo "$ArchiveTime"
echo "$ExportTime"
exit 1