安裝Debian後的基本配置
說明
- 描述:本文介紹了安裝Debian7.5發行版後的必要配置以便於更好的使用Debian進行軟體開發。
- 映象:本文基於已安裝的 debian-live-7.5.0-amd64/i386-gnome-desktop.iso 中文版
- 假設:你的安裝使用者名稱是wpf
1. 修改/etc/sudoers,掛載,修改/etc/apt/source.list
新增wpf到sudoer
切換到root:
su root
用編輯器開啟 /etc/sudoers
,在:
# User privilege specification
root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
後面新增一行,新增後如下:
# User privilege specification root ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL wpf ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL
儲存修改並推出root使用者:
exit
開機自動掛在現有分割槽
修改/etc/fstab檔案,新增如下一行:
# 裝置節點 掛在目錄 檔案系統型別 引數 dump pass
/dev/YourNode /YourDir fstype defaults 0 0
解釋:
- YourNode:你要掛在的裝置節點,通常是sdb1或sdb2。
- YourDir:你想要將YourNode掛在到那個目錄下,一般在自己的主目錄下面新建一個檔案目錄。
- fstype:是你的YourNode檔案系統的型別,一般是ext3/ext4/ntfs,分別對應的fstype為
ext3/ext4/ntfs-3g - 後面三項引數使用
defaults 0 0
即可。
更新軟體源 /etc/apt/source.list
備份:
sudo cp /etc/apt/source.list /etc/apt/source.list-org
將 /etc/apt/source.list
內容替換為下面的內容:
Debian 7 wheezy
# # Official mirror for wheezy # deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free # # http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ Zhong Ke Da for wheezy # deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free # # 163 mirror for wheezy # deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy main contrib non-free deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-backports main contrib non-free deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-proposed-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ wheezy-updates main contrib non-free
jessie
# Debian 8 jessie
#
# Official mirror for jessie
#
deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://ftp.cn.debian.org/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
#
# http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ Zhong Ke Da for jessie
#
deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
#
# 163 mirror for jessie
#
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-backports main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-proposed-updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie-updates main contrib non-free
更新軟體列表:
sudo apt-get update
2. 安裝中文輸入法
作為母語為中文的孩子,我願意使用中文輸入法,安裝吧:
sudo apt-get install ibus ibus-googlepinyin im-config
sudo im-config -n ibus
登出,重新登入,手動設定一下螢幕右上角的ibus輸入法即可使用中文了哈哈。
3. 選擇語系
如果沒有安裝locales,首先需要安裝locales程式,Debian現在推薦使用aptitude來安裝程式,
它能比apt-get更好的解決軟體包之間的衝突。
sudo aptitude install locales
安裝完locales後,就重新選擇Debian所使用的語系,命令是:
sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
使用 locale -a
命令檢視一下當前支援的語系,在我的計算機上輸出如下:
C
C.UTF-8
en_GB
en_GB.iso88591
en_GB.iso885915
en_GB.utf8
en_US
en_US.iso88591
en_US.iso885915
en_US.utf8
POSIX
zh_CN
zh_CN.gb18030
zh_CN.gb2312
zh_CN.gbk
zh_CN.utf8
zh_HK
zh_HK.big5hkscs
zh_HK.utf8
zh_TW.utf8
配置好語系(locale)後,最好重新登入一次。
4. 配置中文字型
sudo apt-get install ttf-droid ttf-wqy-zenhei ttf-wqy-microhei \
ttf-arphic-ukai ttf-arphic-uming xfonts-wqy ttf-bitstream-vera
5. 安裝Windows字型
新建一個字型目錄,用來存放下面將要安裝的Windows字型檔案:
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts
將Windows系統下的 WINDOWS/Fonts/
下的你需要的字型檔案拷貝到上一步新建的目錄中。例如
如果你有一個Windows下所有字型的壓縮包的話,你可以這樣安裝字型:
sudo tar -xf WindowsFonts_i_love.tar.bz2 -C /usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts
修改字型許可權:
sudo chmod a+r /usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts/*
更新字型快取:
sudo fc-cache /usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts/
檢視一下宋體喔!
fc-list | grep -i sun
輸出資訊如下:
/usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts/MicrosoftFonts_i_love/simsun.ttc: 宋體,SimSun:style=Regular
/usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts/MicrosoftFonts_i_love/simsunb.ttf: SimSun\-ExtB:style=Normal,obyčejné,Standard,Κανονικά,Regular,Normaali,Normál,Normale,Standaard,Normalny,Обычный,Normálne,Navadno,Arrunta
/usr/local/share/fonts/msfonts/MicrosoftFonts_i_love/simsun.ttc: 新宋體,NSimSun:style=Regular
登出後重新登入一次。重新登入後,介面中文顯示應該美化好多了。Not Bad ! 自己再根據個人
喜好,在高階選項中選擇合適的字型。
6. 安裝Chromium以及flashplayer
sudo apt-get install chromium chromium-l10n pepperflashplugin-nonfree
7. 安裝VirtualBox以及對應版本的擴充套件包
安裝VirtualBox:
sudo apt-get install linux-headers-$(uname -r|sed 's,[^=XXFN}*-{FNXX=]*-,,') virtualbox
擴充套件包
下載並安裝對應版本的擴充套件包。
如果出現USB裝置不可用,參考:
http://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch12.html#ts_usb-linux
http://www.linuxdiyf.com/viewarticle.php?id=73478
如果不能訪問usb子系統,請將wpf新增到vboxusers組中
sudo usermod -a -G vboxusers wpf # 一定要有-a,否則會離其他次要組。
檢視wpf使用者屬組:
cat /etc/group | grep wpf
8. 配置VPN
sudo apt-get install network-manager-pptp network-manager-pptp-gnome pptp-linux
9. 配置samba服務
安裝samba包:
$ sudo apt-get install samba
建立samba共享目錄:
$ mkdir /home/wpf/data
新增wpf系統使用者為samba使用者:
$ sudo smbpasswd -a wpf
在 /etc/samba/smb.conf
末尾新增如下內容:
# add by wpf begin
[data]
comment = share via samba
path = /home/wpf/data
guest ok = no
create mask = 0755
directory mask = 0755
writable = yes
valid users = wpf
# add by wpf end
重啟samba服務以使修改生效
$ sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart
10. 在Win7與Debian雙系統下,Win7設為預設啟動項
修改/boot/grub/grub.cfg檔案的預設啟專案就可以。修改前:
set default="0"
修改後:
set default="6"
11. 安裝基本開發工具
安裝基本開發工具
sudo apt-get install build-essential bison flex manpages-dev
sudo apt-get install ncurses-base ncurses-doc ncurses-hexedit ncurses-bin \
ncurses-examples ncurses-term
安裝 git
sudo apt-get install git git-core git-all
安裝FTP服務
安裝:
sudo apt-get install vsftpd
配置:
修改/etc/vsftpd,去掉#local_enable=YES和#write_enable=YES之前的#號
重啟服務:
sudo /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart
安裝nfs服務
安裝:
sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server rpcbind
配置/etc/exports檔案內容,如下即可!(不安全,但是通用):
#/ *(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
重啟:
sudo /etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart
安裝tree和htop
sudo apt-get install tree htop
配置 /etc/network/interfaces
靜態地址
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
#allow-hotplug eth1
auto eth1
#iface eth1 inet dhcp
iface eth1 inet static
address 172.16.7.3
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 172.16.7.1
動態獲取
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# add by wpf
auto eth0
#iface eth0 inet dhcp
#allow-hotplug eth0
安裝openvpn
# apt-get install openvpn
# sudo openvpn /etc/openvpn/wupengfei.ovpn